Human Factors in the Organization of SAR Services

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Human Factors in the Organization of SAR Services

• International Civil Aviation OrganizationAir
  Traffic Management SectionAir Navigation Bureau

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THE GLOBAL CONCEPT

• ICAO Goal To provide a world-wide SAR system
  that will provide assistance to all persons in
  distress regardless of nationality or
  circumstance
• The fastest, most effective and practical way to
  achieve this goal is to develop regional systems
  associated with each ocean area and continent.

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INTERNATIONAL AERONAUTICAL AND MARITIME SAR
(IAMSAR) MANUAL

• expounds
• SHARED USE of ASSETS, and
• COOPERATION, between
• government industry,
• civilian and military,
• aeronautical maritime,
• ATC SAR.

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• Some States have special challenges.

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Regionalization provides

• standardized services,
• avoidance of duplication,
• access to shared,
• more plentiful assets, and
• wider coverage at
• contributory cost.

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ICAO UNIVERSAL SAFETY OVERSIGHT AUDIT
PROGRAMME

• Many administrations lack an appropriate
  legislative framework, including
• basic civil aviation law,
• appropriate regulations,
• procedures, documentation and
• guidance material

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Still deeper shortcomings..

• There is a lack of
• qualified and experienced technical personnel
• .adequate certification and licensing systems
  and
• .authorities to oversee regulate service
  providers and resolve safety issues.

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lack of commitment by governments is resulting
in...

• an inability to recruit retain staff,
• job insecurity,
• low staff morale, and
• lack of adequate support staff, equipment and
  facilities.

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AUDIT/EVALUATION FINDINGS

•   MOST OUTSTANDING NEEDS
• air law
• regulations
• operational documents
• committees of management
• letters of agreement
• equipment
• experienced qualified staff,
• training
• regulatory oversight.

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RISK!

• that some States interests may be paid too
  little regard.
• Enlightenment, sensitivity and humility must be
  the cornerstones of global SAR development.
• The challenge is to provide for minimum system
  requirements while preserving national identity,
  sovereignty and cultural distinction.

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Culture affects Communication.

• beliefs and attitudes affect ones interaction
  with others, that is,
• how we talk to them,
• how we delegate,
• how we accept orders,
• how we negotiate differences of opinion,
• how decisions are made,
• how risks are evaluated, and
• other aviation-related issues

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To design an effective SAR operations training
course

• requires
• the development of a communication training
  course
• to include a segment on inter-cultural
  communication
• or
• there will be serious risk of failure.

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regional air traffic control system

• will be dependent upon
• 1. New technology,
• 2. New procedures, and
• 3. New practices
• and the effectiveness of the way humans and
  machines interact.

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Optimising the human operator/ environment
relationship

• 1. by altering aspects of human behaviour to meet
  the demands of a particular task

• 2. by altering aspects of the environment to meet
  the particular needs of the operator

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• Human SOVEREIGNTY
• in the RCC

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Human-centred approach

• ...provides the operator with automated
  assistance that saves time and effort.
• The operators task is supported, not managed, by
  computing machinery.

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HUMAN OPERATORS

• ..are the ultimate integrators of system
  elements
• This dependence is unlikely to decrease
• and may increase in unanticipated ways, so ...
• UNDERSTAND AND ACCOUNT FOR HUMANS!

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issues of an institutional and legal nature

• SAR is already ahead of the game with highly
  effective, consensual arrangements for the
  Cospas-Sarsat system.

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Technology

• changes role of workers from hands on to
  thinkers and controllers and
• introduces new realm for error.
• Cause effect
• are more difficult
• to find out.

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Two kinds of ACCIDENTS

• INDIVIDUAL ACCIDENTS
• ...the greater number

• ORGANIZATIONAL ACCIDENTS
• rare
• can be catastrophic in complex industries
• recently identified
• product of technical innovations.

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The events in an accident chain

• are difficult to discern ahead
• of time therefore difficult to
• control frequently obscured
• by time, tradition the
• common-place BUT there is
• a logic to them, and
• safety can be enhanced
• by timely adjustments.

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We are more driven...

• ...to produce than protect.
• We have more productive skills than protective.
• To produce is more amenable to our professional
  natures.

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LAYERS OF DEFENCE

• to create understanding and awareness
• to give clear guidance
• to provide alarms and warnings
• to restore the system
• to interpose safety barriers
• to contain and eliminate the hazards
• to provide the means of escape and rescue

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SOFT APPLICATIONS

• PAPER AND PEOPLE
• legislation,
• regulatory surveillance,
• rules and procedures,
• training,
• drills and briefings,
• administrative controls,
• licensing certification,
• supervisory oversight and
• front line work force.
• RELEVANT TO SAR

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LAYERS OF DEFENCE

• to create understanding and awareness
• to give clear guidance
• to provide alarms and warnings
• to restore the system
• to interpose safety barriers
• to contain and eliminate the hazards
• to provide the means of escape and rescue

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CONCLUSIONS

• 1. An arrangement of several regional
  organizations could provide essential elements
  beyond the capacity of individual States
• 2. Barriers safeguards must be set in place
  they must be comprehensive mutually supportive.

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LATENT FAILURES

• DELUSIVE because they seem INNOCUOUS BENIGN
• imprecise procedures,
• shortfalls in training,
• inadequate equipment,
• bad strategic decisions by regulators,
  organizational managers or international
  organizations

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CHERNOBYL

• Valeri Legaslov After being at Chernobyl, I
  drew the unequivocal conclusion that the accident
  was the summit of all the incorrect running of
  the economy which had been going on in our
  country for many years.

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Close attention needs to be paid to

• legislation,
• regulatory surveillance,rules and
  procedures,documentation,training,administrativ
  e controls,operator proficiency standards,
• supervisory oversight.

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A safe and effective SAR system in Asia- and the
world

• International Civil Aviation OrganizationAir
  Traffic Management SectionAir Navigation Bureau