Short Term Store contd

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Short Term Store (contd)

• Thursday, 3/23/06

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Working Memory

• Baddeley Hitch (1974), Baddeley (2001)
• Proposed as an alternative to the concept of STM
  to account for
• Multiple types of STM
• Problem solving

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• Phonological loop speech-based rehearsal system
  used to store up to two seconds of information.
• Visuo-spatial sketch pad rehearsal system used
  to store visual information.
• Central executive controls the flow of
  information among the two slave systems.

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• Episodic buffer (new addition to working
  memory) connects working memory to LTM.

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What is the purpose ofSTM (Working Memory)?

• Problem solving
• Language comprehension
• Written
• Spoken
• Transfer of information to LTM

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Long Term Store Encoding
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• Encoding attending to, interpreting, and adding
  meaning to incoming information.
• Elaborative rehearsal actively comprehending
  and adding meaning to information.

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• Elaborative processing may facilitate encoding
  by
• Increasing associations to other memories.

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• Elaborative processing may facilitate encoding
  by
• Increasing associations to other memories.
• Making the memory more distinct, or unique.
• Increasing cognitive effort during encoding,
  which increases retention.

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Imagery and Encoding

• Recall is often facilitated when imagery is used
  during encoding.
• Elaborative processing increases the
  effectiveness of imagery.

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Factors That Affect Encoding

• Cognitive Strategies
• Elaborative rehearsal

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• Characteristics of the material
• Meaningfulness material with which we are more
  familiar is more meaningful, and is generally
  more easily encoded.

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• Presentation factors
• Serial position
• Spacing of repetitions in general, spaced
  practice leads to better retention than massed
  practice.
• Isolation effect items that are distinct or out
  of context, tend to be better remembered.
• Generation effect generating information
  facilitates encoding and enhances future recall.

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• Learner factors
• Incentive incentives can influence learning
  strategies, but have little effect on general
  memory.
• Interest personally interesting material is
  often better encoded and stored.
• Arousal an optimal level of physiological
  arousal can facilitate encoding.
• Emotions emotional arousal can facilitate
  encoding, but too much or to little arousal can
  lead inhibit encoding.

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Have a good weekend!