Heat pumps in energy statistics

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Heat pumps in energy statistics

• Geothermal energy?
• A discussion on methods of accounting ambient
  heat/useful heat from heat pumps
• Suggestions by Sweden on the basis of a report by
  Tekn. Lic. Jan-Erik Nowacki
• Presented by Mr. Paul Westin at the 3rd meeting
  of the Oslo City Group on Energy Statistics in
  Vienna 2008-02-06

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Outline

• The Task
• What is a heat pump?
• Swedish experience a case study
• Suggestions for the way forward
• Definitions and a reflection on the proposed
  directive for renewable energy within the EU.

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The task

• 3 Basic energy statisticsa) Geothermal energy /
  (Heat Pumps) Discussion How should geothermal
  energy be included, and where is the cut-off for
  inclusion/exclusion of geothermal energy?
• Important to link energy in physics and energy
  in statistics.
• Responsible IAEA / Sw. Energy Agency

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What is a heat pump? (1)

• A refrigerator is a heat pump
• A freezer is a heat pump
• An ice-machine is a heat pump
• An air-conditioner is a heat pump
• A heat pump is of course a heat pump, but here
  the useful benefit is on the hot side of the
  machine, instead of the cold side.
• There are also heat-pumps that give
  double-benefits (cooling heating!)

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What is a heat pump? (2)

• Heat source (e.g. 4C) 2 parts of
  energyHeat source (ground water, soil, outdoor
  air, waste water, exhaust air, etc)
• Heat exchanger cold side
• Compressor (electricity) 1 part of energy
• Heat exchanger hot side
• Expansion valve
• Radiator system (60 C) 3 parts of energy
• Efficiency 300 or COP3

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The Swedish experience

• Heat pumps common in two sectors
• District heating production (i.e. transformation)
• Residential sector (i.e. end-use/consumption)
• Introduced first during the 1980s
• Recent (2nd) big expansion in the residential
  sector
• Swedish energy policies, fuel and electricity
  prices promotes the deployment

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Statistical context (1)
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Statistical context (2)
Toal end-use in Sweden End-use in
residential/service sector
Electricity use in residential/service
sector Energy input for district heating prod.
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Development of sales in Sweden
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Importance of Captured Energy by heat pumps in
Sweden
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Competitiveness
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Driving forces

• 1975-1985 investment support to private
  households
• Beginning of 1980s about 130 heat pump companies
• Big market for large heat pumps (District
  heating)
• 1985
• Governmental investment support taken away
• The oil price started to fall
• market collapse
• Investment support reintroduced 2006 for
  conversion from oil burners to among other
  alternatives heat pumps

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Two possible collection methods

• Sales statistics
• How to get all heat pumps in all distribution
  chains?
• How to treat heat pump life length?
• Which organization to ask?
• Not so costly an organization does the work (if
  there is one!)

• User interviews
• Costly 5000 100 000 interviews
• Many other things can be asked for simultaneously
• Life length, distribution chains and organization
  independent.

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Statistics for small HP - consistent
Swedish Heat Pump Association (Svep) sales
(1994 0), Statistics Sweden (SCB) interview
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Typical sales data from Svep
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Typical part of interview from SCB(Statistics
Sweden)

• Electricity (hydronic distribution)
• Electric radiators (direct)
• Electric air coils (and air distribution)
• Heat Pump (bedrock/soil/water)
• Heat Pump (exhaust air/air-air/air-water)
• Oil furnace
• Wood log furnace
• Wood chip/pellet furnace
• Natural gas/town gas
• District heating
• Close area heating
• Room based, wood fired, tiled and other stoves.
• Open stove
• Solar collector
• Other what
• Does an electric hot water tank or another
  electric water heater exist?

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Suggested Heat Pump Questionaire
This type of questionaire is perhaps only
motivated in countries like Sweden where heat
pumps are important. By collecting type of heat
pumps and size and having COP and utlization data
from tests or simulations, captured heat can be
calculated
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Suggestions 1
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Motivations 1

• There is a difference if the energy has a
  sufficient temperature for the purpose or not.
• Only minor structural changes can be accepted as
  heat pumps are uncommon internationally.
• The existing statistic time series should be
  minimally affected backtracing should be
  possible.

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Suggestions 2

• Captured heat from low temperature sources
  (exhaust air, sewage water) could statistically
  be classified as solar heat.
• This is especially true when the incoming
  temperature from the source is lower than the
  average temperature of the surrounding.
• Stored air conditioning heat could be classified
  as solar.

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Motivations 2

• The assumption is that, if not captured by a heat
  pump, the energy would have been lost.
• When lost the energy would have mixed with solar
  heated substances in the surrounding.
• The heat pump thus captures the energy just
  before it would otherwise be mixed with the
  predominantly solar heated surrounding.

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EU proposal for directive on renewables

• Heat pumps using geothermal resources from the
  ground or water, and heat pumps using ambient
  heat from the air to transfer the thermal energy
  to a useful temperature level, need electricity
  to function. Heat pumps using ambient heat from
  the air often require the use of significant
  amounts of conventional energy.
• Therefore, only useful thermal energy coming from
  heat pumps using ambient heat from the air that
  meet the minimum requirements of the coefficient
  of performance established in the eco-label
  award scheme, should be taken into account for
  the purpose of measuring compliance with the
  targets established by this Directive.

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Questions arise about definitions

• Geothermal resources from the ground or water
• true geothermal energy in ground and (ground?)
  water
• Excludes ambient heat from lakes or the ocean?
• Excludes waste-water sources?
• The Directive and the EU-ETS promotes and the
  development of renewable electricity production.
  The reference to significant amounts of
  conventional energy seems misplaced
• Efficiency demand in eco-labelling too steep and
  with another purpose.
• Why not consider a fair COP of at least 2,5.
  That would correspond to primary energy factors
  or efficiencies of 40 in conventional energy
  production.

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Thank you!