Figure 13-1 Page 280

1
Figure 13-1 Page 280
CHAPTER 13 CLIMATE CHANGE AND OZONE LOSS
2
Figure 13-2 (1)Page 281
Average temperature over past 900,000 years
17
16
15
14
Average surface temperature (C)
13
12
11
10
9
900
800
700
600
500
400
300
200
100
Present
Thousands of years ago
3
Figure 13-2 (2)Page 2\81
Temperature change over past 22,000 years
2
1
0
-1
End of last ice age
Temperature change (C)
-2
-3
-4
-5
20,000
10,000
2,000
1,000
200
100
Now
Years ago
4
Figure 13-2 (3)Page 281
Temperature change over past 1,000 years
1.0
0.5
0.0
Temperature change (C)
-0.5
-1.0
1000
1100
1200
1300
1400
1500
1600
1700
1800
1900
2000
2101
Year
5
Figure 13-2 (4)Page 281
Average temperature over past 130 years
15.0
14.8
14.6
14.4
Average surface temperature (C)
14.2
14.0
13.8
13.6
1860
1880
1900
1920
1940
1960
1980
2000
2020
Year
6
Figure 13-3Page 283
380
360
340
320
300
Concentration of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere
(ppm)
280
Carbon dioxide
260
240
2.5
220
0
200
Variation of temperature (C) from current level
2.5
180
5.0
7.5
Temperature change
10.0
End of last ice age
160
120
80
40
0
Thousands of years before present
7
Figure 13-4 (2)Page 283
2.4
1.8
Parts per million
1.2
0.6
1800
1900
2000
2100
Year
Methane (CH4)
8
Figure 13-4 (3)Page 283
320
310
Parts per million
300
290
260
1800
1900
2000
2100
Year
Nitrous oxide (N2O)
9
Figure 13-5Page 285
14.7
8.4
380
8.0
14.6
375
7.6
14.5
7.2
14.4
365
6.8
14.3
Fossil fuels burn (billions of metric tons of oil
equivalent)
CO2 concentration (ppm)
Temperature (Cº)
355
6.4
14.2
6.0
14.1
345
5.6
14.0
335
5.2
13.9
13.8
4.8
325
1970
1980
1990
2000
2005
Year
10
Figure 13-10Page 288
Antarctica
11
Figure 13-11Page 289
Todays sea level
0
0
Height above or below present sea level (feet)
Height above or below present sea level (meters)
130
426
250,000
200,000
150,000
100,000
50,000
0
Years before present
Present
12
Figure 13-12Page 291
Forests
Water Resources
Agriculture
POSSIBLE EFFECTS OF A WARMER CLIMATE

• Changes in forest composition and locations
• Disappearance of some forests
• Increased fires from drying
• Loss of wildlife habitat and species

• Shifts in food-growing areas
• Changes in crop yields
• Increased irrigation demands
• Increased pests, crop diseases, and weeds in
  warmer areas

• Changes in water supply
• Decreased water quality
• Increased drought
• Increased flooding

Biodiversity
Sea Level and Coastal Areas

• Rising sea levels
• Flooding of low-lying islands and coastal cities
• Flooding of coastal estuaries, wetlands, and
  coral reefs
• Beach erosion
• Disruption of coastal fisheries
• Contamination of coastal aquifiers with salt water

• Extinction of some plant and animal species
• Loss of habitats
• Disruption of aquatic life

Human Health
Weather Extremes

• Increased deaths from heat and disease
• Disruption of food and water supplies
• Spread of tropical diseases to temperate areas
• Increased respiratory disease and pollen
  allergies
• Increased water pollution from coastal flooding

Human Population

• Prolonged heat waves and droughts
• Increased flooding from more frequent, intense,
  and heavy rainfall in some areas

• Increased deaths
• More environmental refugees
• Increased migration

13
Figure 13-13Page 291
Less severe winters More precipitation in
some dry areas Less precipitation in some wet
areas Increased food production in some
areas Expanded population and range for some
plant and animal species adapted to higher
temperatures
GENERALIZED SUMMARY OF EFFECTS OF GLOBAL
WARMING WHAT ABOUT CANADA VS. U.S. VS.
MEXICO GEOGRAPHIC RANGE OF MANY SPECIES WILL
CHANGE WHO WERE THE SAXONS? WHY DID THEY COME TO
ENGLAND?
14
Figure 13-15 Page 293
Global Warming
Prevention
Cleanup
Cut fossil fuel use (especially coal) Shift from
coal to natural gas Transfer energy efficiency
and renewable energy technologies to
developing countries Improve energy efficiency S
hift to renewable energy resources Reduce defores
tation Use sustainable agriculture Limit urban
sprawl Reduce poverty Slow population growth
Remove CO2 from smokestack and vehicle emissions
Store (sequester) CO2 by planting trees Sequester
CO2 underground Sequester CO2 in soil by using
no-till cultivation and taking crop land out of
production Sequester CO2 in the deep
ocean Repair leaky natural gas pipelines and
facilities Use feeds that reduce CH4
emissions by belching cows
15
Figure 13-19Page 297
Ultraviolet light hits a chlorofluorocarbon
(CFC) molecule, such as CFCl3, breaking off a
chlorine atom and leaving CFCl2.
MECHANISM OF OZONE DEPLETION IN STRATOSPHERE
Sun
Cl
Cl
C
Once free, the chlorine atom is off to attack
another ozone molecule and begin the cycle again.
Cl
F
UV radiation
Cl
Cl
O
O
A free oxygen atom pulls the oxygen atom off
the chlorine monoxide molecule to form O2.
The chlorine atom attacks an ozone (O3) molecule,
pulling an oxygen atom off it and leaving an
oxygen molecule (O2).
Cl
Cl
O
O
O
O
O
Cl
The chlorine atom and the oxygen atom join to
form a chlorine monoxide molecule (ClO).
O
O
O
16
Figure 13-20Page 298
17
Figure 13-21Page 298
35
August 7, 2001
30
October 10, 2001
25
SUMMER
20
WINTER
Altitude (kilometers)
15
10
SEASONAL CHANGE IN OZONE OVER ANARTICA
5
0
5
10
15
Ozone partial pressure (milipascals)
18
Figure 13-22Page 299
Human Health Worse sunburn More eye
cataracts More skin cancers Immune system
suppression Food and Forests Reduced yields
for some crops Reduced seafood supplies from
reduced phytoplankton Decreased forest
productivity for UV-sensitive tree
species Wildlife Increased eye cataracts in
some species Decreased population of aquatic
species sensitive to UV radiation Reduced
population of surface phytoplankton
Disrupted aquatic food webs from reduced
phytoplankton Air Pollution and Materials
Increased acid deposition Increased
photochemical smog Degradation of outdoor
paints and plastics Global Warming
Accelerated warming because of decreased ocean
uptake of CO2 from atmosphere by phytoplankton
and CFCs acting as greenhouse gases
EFFECTS OF OZONE DEPLETION
19
Figure 13-23Page 300
Ultraviolet A
Ultraviolet B
Thin layer of dead cells
Hair
Epidermis
Squamous cells
Basal layer
Sweat gland
Melanocyte cells
Dermis
Basal membrane
Blood vessels
Squamous Cell Carcinoma
Basal Cell Carcinoma
Melanoma
20
Figure 13-24Page 301
15,000
No protocol
12,000
1987 Montreal Protocol
9,000
Abundance (parts per trillion)
6,000
1992 Copenhagen Protocol
3,000
0
1950
1975
2000
2025
2050
2075
2100
Year