They

1
Team Tiger!!!
Tiffany Greider Jeff Woods Alaina Pomeroy
Shannon Payton Robert Jones Katherine Costello
Theyre GRRRRRRREAT!
2
The Rise of the Hydrocarbon Infrastructure

• Way back when, people used horses for
  transportation
• Pro side argues that shift in infrastructure from
  horses to cars can be analogous to the shift from
  hydrocarbon to hydrogen cars
• Two fundamental flaws with this line of
  argumentation
• No existence of a horse infrastructure
• Does not scale linearly
• Compare 6 million cars in the U.S. and 30,000
  miles of oil pipelines in 1920, to 228 million
  passenger vehicles and almost 1.5 million miles
  of gasoline pipelines in 2003
• Due to exponential growth, compare the U.S.
  population in 1920 (76 million) to the population
  in 2003 (almost 300 million)
• Globalization

3
Methods of Hydrogen Production

• What is hydrogen? Hydrogen is a method of
  storage it only generates inefficiencies between
  energy generation and consumption
• The amount of energy necessary to produce
  hydrogen is less than the condensation energy
  produced
• Irony we currently produce 95 of our hydrogen
  from fossil fuel combustion

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Some Important Facts

• By the year 2035, we will need 21.7828 million
  barrels of oil per day
• This corresponds to 126,340,240 million BTU per
  year of energy for our transportation needs
• The internal combustion engine operates at 17.15
  efficiency, therefore providing 21,667,351
  million BTU of energy to the wheels
• Compare to hydrogen total efficiency for
  hydrogen is roughly 26 thus, we need 26 of
  total hydrogen production to provide
  transportation energy
• Total production at the hydrogen plant should be
  enough to supply 83,335,965.38 million BTU per
  year

5
Cont.

• How much electricity for electrolysis would you
  need to make this much hydrogen? Assuming an
  electrolysis efficiency of 70, youd need
  119,051,379.1 million BTU per year
• To generate this electricity, you need 382
  gigawatts of power
• Using wind power that operates at a capacity of
  factor of 35 of the rated capacity, you would
  need a 1091 GW facility
• According to the EIA Annual Energy Outlook 2006,
  the entire US electric capacity in 2025 will be
  1057GW thus, powering all our vehicles with
  hydrogen would require doubling our total
  capacity when factoring in energy not related to
  transportation

6
Alternative Sources

• As the numbers show, generating energy is far
  more important than storing energy
• We need to focus on investing more in clean,
  renewable sources of energy generation
• Wind and solar represent the best present
  solutions to this problem
• It is pointless to focus on storage technologies
  when the generation technology does not exist

7
Grid Technology

• Responsible persons would agree that if a large
  investment in energy generation is made, an
  equally large investment to maximize returns
  should be made as well
• Total efficiency of hydrogen is only about 35
• This compares poorly to total efficiency of 81
  of grid transmission to Lithium-ion batteries
• The use of batteries uses an already existing
  infrastructure

President Bush vows to work with Congress to
develop hydrogen fuel technologiesenough said.
8
The Viability of Hydrogen

• Hydrogen has a poor energy density per unit
  volume
• Although hydrogen can be compressed, this
  requires energy
• As a comparison, hydrogen in its liquid form has
  only ¼ the energy density of liquid hydrocarbons
• The U.S. Department of Energy estimates that by
  2040 cars and light trucks powered by fuel cells
  will require 150 megatons per year of hydrogen.
  Currently, the U.S. produces only 9 megatons
• Total building energy usage in the U.S.
  nationally is 40, while transportation accounts
  for 28 of total usage. An infrastructure
  facelift for transportation would be a baby step
  compared to the total work needed for a hydrogen
  system implementation for building energy use

9

• Hydrogen is about three times bulkier in volume
  than natural gas for the same energy delivered
• Hydrogen accelerates the cracking of steel, which
  increases maintenance costs, leakage rates, and
  material costs
• A 40 ton truck can deliver 26 tons of gasoline to
  a filling station one daily delivery is
  sufficient for a busy station. A 40 ton truck
  carrying compressed hydrogen can deliver only 400
  kilograms

10
The Economics of a Hydrogen Economy

• The average price of a hydrogen car is 100,000
  more than the original price of a car, or about
  125,000 per car. Multiply this by 600 million
  vehicles75 trillion. This is 25 times the size
  of the entire US budget for the year 2006
• In order for a hydrogen delivery infrastructure
  to serve 40 of the light duty fleet, it would
  cost over 500 billion
• Replacing one-half of U.S. ground transportation
  fuels in 2025 with hydrogen from electrolysis
  would require about as much electricity as is
  sold in the United States today
• In order to be economically competitive,
  production of fuel cells must be lowered by a
  factor of 10 and the production of hydrogen by a
  factor of four

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Economics of a Hydrogen Economy cont.

• A hydrogen economy would be stabilizing to the
  rest of the world, most notably the Middle East
• Iranian oil exports represent nearly 10 of their
  GDP for a population that already has 40 living
  in poverty
• Companies will be faced with enormous costs in
  infrastructure changes
• The burden falls most squarely on those who
  cannot afford it the lower and middle classes
• With 1 billion spent daily on gasoline in the
  U.S., and hydrogen costs of 5-7 times more than
  gasoline, we would be spending 2.55 trillion per
  year to replace the gasoline we use. Compare this
  to the total U.S. budget of 2.7 trillion for 2006

12
Environmental Effects

• 48 of hydrogen gas is created through the
  natural gas steam reforming/water gas shift
  reaction method its byproduct is carbon dioxide
• Burning a gallon of gasoline releases 20 pounds
  of CO2. Producing 1 kg of hydrogen by
  electrolysis would generate, on average, around
  70 pounds of CO2
• Hydrogen has the potential to accelerate the
  depletion of the ozone
• Finally, over 1 billion people globally lack
  access to reliable, safe drinking water