CHALLENGES OF SUSTAINABLE RURAL LIVELIHOODS IN RAINFED TRIBAL AREAS OF RAJASTHAN

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• CHALLENGES OF SUSTAINABLE RURAL LIVELIHOODS IN
  RAINFED TRIBAL AREAS OF RAJASTHAN

Prof. R.P. Singh Vice-Chancellor Maharana Pratap
University of Agriculture Technology Udaipur
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Sustainability
Biological (Bio-diversity conservation)
Economic (Growth and Development)
Natural Resource (Inter-generational equity)
Sustainable Rural Livelihood (SRL) A livelihood
is sustainable, when it can cope with and recover
from stresses and shocks, maintain or enhance its
capabilities assets, both now and in future,
while not undermining the natural resource
base. (Department for International
Development DFID)
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Features of Human Resources in the Tribal Belt of
Rajasthan

• Growth Rate (1991-2001)
• Except for Sirohi (30.1) and Banswara (29.8),
  the growth rate of population (1991-2001) is less
  than the State Average (28.3) in the tribal belt.

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(2) Density of Population The density of
population (2001) in the tribal belt is more than
the state average (165 persons/Sq.Km.).
The Pressure of human population on land is very
high in the tribal belt.
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(3) Literacy Rate of Population The literacy
rate of persons (2001) in the tribal belt is less
than the state average (61.03)
The literacy rate is the lowest in Banswara
district, where the tribal concentration is the
highest (73.5).
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(4) Female Literacy
The female literacy is also low in the tribal
belt as compared to the state average of 44.3 per
cent.
The scope for shifting work-force from
agriculture to non-agricultural sectors is
limited due to low literacy of the population in
general and that of female in particular in the
tribal belt of Rajasthan.
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• (5) Workforce Dependence on Agriculture

Against 66 per cent of work-force depending on
agriculture at state level, the dependence of
work-force on agriculture, as cultivators or
agricultural labourers, in the tribal belt is
relatively very high.
With limited land resources, too much dependence
of work-force on agriculture makes the return to
labour, non-remunerative.
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Land Resources in Tribal Belt of
Rajasthan (1) Forest Area Against forest area
of 7.6 at the state level, the forest area is
relatively more in the tribal districts of
southern Rajasthan.
There exists potential for forest based
livelihood system in the tribal belt of
Rajasthan.
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(2) Barren and Uncultivated Land Against the
share of 7.5 per cent of barren land at state
level, the share of barren land in the tribal
belt is relatively more.
Such land can be used for non-crop land based
activities in the tribal area such as forestry,
animal husbandry, etc.
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(3) Pasture and Grazing Land Coverage of
pasture and grazing land is also high in the
tribal dominating districts as compared to state
average of 5.0 per cent under this land use
class.
Coverage of pasture and grazing land is more in
the tribal districts, which prompts the scope for
developing animal husbandry as a potential source
of income and employment in the tribal area .
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(4) Net Sown Area Against the state share of
46.3 per cent as net sown area to geographical
area, the share of net sown area to geographical
area is considerably low in the tribal belt.

• In the tribal belt
• food security is a major challenge due to low
  share of area under plough,
• land based non-crop activities have got abundant
  potential.

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Crop Sector Features in Tribal Belt of Rajasthan

• Crop production is dominated by Cereals (maize
  wheat), Pulses (black gram chickpea) and
  Oilseeds (soyabean groundnut) in the southern
  tribal belt.
• Foodgrains account for 92.7 per cent
  gross-cropped area in Dungarpur, 89.5 per cent in
  Banswara, 88.6 per cent in Chittorgarh and 53 per
  cent in Sirohi indicating that food for human
  population and fodder for livestock population
  are the main consideration of the cropping
  pattern.
• Share of kharif cropped area to gross cropped
  area is 79.2 per cent in Dungarpur, 79.0 per cent
  in Udaipur, 75.8 per cent in Banswara and 71.5
  per cent in Sirohi indicating that the tribal
  belt is a kharif dominating rainfed area.
• Kharif crops are grown under rainfed condition
  and share of irrigated area in kharif is very low
  in the tribal belt.
• By and large, the tribal belt is deficient for
  pulses, oilseeds, vegetables and fruits.
• The yield level of crops is poor in tribal belt
  as compared to other area.
• The chance of substitution of area of food crops
  by non-food crops is very low in the tribal belt
  in view of the concern for food security of
  people and fodder security of animals.

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Livestock Sector Features in Tribal Belt of
Rajasthan

• The tribal belt is basically a cattle dominant
  area with non-descript cattle specially to meet
  the animal power requirement for farm operations.
• It is a goat belt also due to grazing potential
  and low capital requirement.
• Poultry enterprises are more dominant in the
  tribal area as compared to non-tribal areas of
  the state.
• Livestock density is higher over human density in
  most of the districts in the tribal belt
  indicating the need for both fodder security of
  animal and food security of people as a major
  challenge.

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Other Problems of Tribal Area (1) Over-Exploitatio
n of Ground Water The number of wells going
out of use is very high in the tribal belt as
62.0 per cent wells in Banswara, 56 per cent in
Rajsamand, 45 per cent in Dungarpur, 29 per cent
in Udaipur, 18 per cent in Karauli, 13 per cent
in Bundi, 10 per cent in Sawai Madhopur, 9 per
cent in Baran and Jhalawar, 8 per cent in Sirohi
and Chittorgarh are out of use. (2) High Rate of
Fertilizer Consumption The rate of fertilizer
consumption in the tribal belt is relatively more
with 102 kg/ha in Baran, 95 kg/ha in Bundi, 92
kg/ha Chittorgarh, 86 kg/ha in Karauli, 81 kg/ha
in Jhalawar and Banswara, 56 kg/ha in Udaipur, 53
kg/ha in Sawai Madhoopur and 40 kg/ha in Sirohi
against 39 kg/ha at state level. This leads to
increase in cost of production of crops.
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(3) Extent of Farm Mechanization In the
southern tribal belt, the extent of
tracterization is relatively low while the extent
of tracterization in Sawai Madhopur and Karauli
is relatively more. (4) Extent of
Irrigation Against 32 per cent of irrigated
gross crop area at state level, the extent of
irrigated area in Dungarpur is only 10.3 per
cent, Udaipur 10.4 per cent, Rajsamand 11.9 per
cent, Banswara 17.3 per cent, Chittorgarh 22.7
per cent, Jhalawar 29.7 per cent and Sirohi 30.4
per cent. (5) Distribution of Land
Holdings While 50.2 per cent of the total land
holdings fall under the category of marginal and
small holdings at the state level, the extent of
such holdings in Dungarpur is 77.8 per cent,
Udaipur 74.6 per cent, Rajsamand 74.3 per cent,
Banswara 74 per cent, Sawai Madhopur 67 per cent,
Chittorgarh 61 per cent, Sirohi 60 per cent,
Bundi 59 per cent, Jhalawar 57 per cent and Baran
54 per cent.
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SWOT Analysis of Major Activities and
Resources in the Tribal Belt of Rajasthan
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Proposed Approach for Sustainable Rural
Livelihood by Gramin Vikas Trust (GVT)

• Ensure compatibility of economic activities with
  natural and other resources of the area.
• Efforts for diversification of both land-based
  and non-land based activities for increased
  income and employment opportunities.
• Promotion of participatory approach for planning,
  implementation and evaluation of new economic
  activities for more income and employment.
• Herd Planning' for quality improvement of
  animals with higher economic returns.
• Promotion of labour intensive activities like
  vermi-compost, mushroom production, fish ponds,
  bee-keeping, etc. as supplementary sources of
  income.
• Initiation of tribal culture-linked women
  empowerment programmes.
• Promotion of formal education through informal
  means.
• More emphasis on watershed development for soil
  and water conservation.

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• Partnership Mode
• The Gramin Vikas Trust (GVT) must come out with
  the following
• The VISION statement
• The MISSION statement
• The specific GOALS of GVT towards partnership for
  sustainable rural livelihoods in rainfed tribal
  areas.
• The core principle for partnership mode.
• The existing institutional set-up for capacity
  building by the tribal for sustainable rural
  livelihoods through inter institutional linkages
  and partnership mode may be worked out.

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Proposed Partnership Mode through
Inter-Institutional Linkages by Gramin Vikas
Trust (GVT)
Non-Government
Universities
Government

• STATE
• Department of Agriculture,
• Horticulture, Animal Husbandry,
• Fisheries, Forest, Water Resource,
• Family welfare, Health, Tribal
• Department, Tribal Rural
• Institute, Development Admn.
• (DC, DM), etc.
• CENTRAL
• ICAR Institutes, MANAGE
• (Hyderabad), National
• Instt. of Rural Development
• (NIRD), etc.

Tribal specific NGOs Other NGOs
College campuses Agril. Research Stations,
Agril. Research Sub-Stations Krishi Vigyan
Kendras of SAUs
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Thanks