Adaptations for flight

1
Adaptations for flight
Evolution of flight morphology
?Parachuting gliding
2
Adaptations for flight
Evolution of flight morphology
?Gliding
3
Adaptations for flight
Evolution of flight morphology
?Lift surfaces
4
Adaptations for flight
Evolution of flight morphology
?Tail morphology
5
Adaptations for flight
Evolution of flight morphology
?Bird wings
6
(No Transcript)
7
Adaptations for flight
Evolution of flight morphology
?Flapping wings
8
Adaptations for flight
Wing morphology
?Aspect ratio (stability)
?Wing planform
?Wing loading
9
Adaptations for flight
Why all the variation?
?Cost of flight
?Why fly?
?Minimise costs
10
Flight strategies in birds
11
Flight strategies
Introduction
?What are flight strategies?
?Habit
?Habitat
?Optimisation
12
Flight strategies
Optimisation
?Criteria
13
Flight strategies
High cost strategies
?Offset costs
?In-flight refueling
?Extreme fliers
14
Flight strategies
Intermittent flight strategies
?Undulating (flap-gliding)
?Bounding (flap-bounding)
?Alternating flapping
15
Flight strategies
Undulating flight
?Size
?Morphology
?Flexibility
?Speed
16
Flight strategies
Undulating flight
?U-shaped power curve
6 m/s
17
Flight strategies
Undulating flight
?U-shaped power curve
10 m/s
18
Flight strategies
Undulating flight
?U-shaped power curve
14 m/s
19
Flight strategies
Bounding flight
?Size
?Morphology
?Flexibility
?Speed
20
Flight strategies
Undulating flight
?U-shaped power curve
6 m/s
21
Flight strategies
Undulating flight
?U-shaped power curve
10 m/s
22
Flight strategies
Undulating flight
?U-shaped power curve
14 m/s
23
Flight strategies
Behavioural strategies
?Cheating
24
Flight strategies
Exploitable features of air
?Ground effect
?Thermal soaring
?Dynamic slope soaring
25
Flight strategies
Thermal soaring
?Thermals
26
Flight strategies
Thermal soaring
?Morphology
27
Flight strategies
Dynamic slope soaring
?Slope soaring
28
Flight strategies
Dynamic slope soaring
?Dynamic soaring
29
Flight strategies
Dynamic slope soaring
?Morphology
30
Flight strategies
Infrequent fliers
?Escape response
31
Flight strategies
Flightlessness
?Underwater fliers
?Cursors
?Isolated island endemics
32
Flight strategies
Underwater fliers
?Maintain lift production
?Different flight media
33
Flight strategies
Cursors
?Other adaptations
34
Flight strategies
Isolated island endemics
?No requirement for flight
35
Diversity of wingshape in birds (from Herzog
1968)