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1962 Rachel Carson publishes "Silent Spring"'

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Title: 1962 Rachel Carson publishes "Silent Spring"'


1
History of Sustainable Development
  • 1962 - Rachel Carson publishes "Silent Spring".
  • This book brought together research on
    toxicology, ecology and epidemology to suggest
    that agricultural pesticides were building to
    catastrophic levels.
  • This was linked to damage to animal species and
    to human health.
  • It shattered the assumption that the environment
    had an infinite capacity to absorb pollutants.

1968 - The Club of Rome, is established by 36
European economists and scientists. Its goal is
to pursue a holistic understanding of the 'world
problematique'. It commissions a study on global
proportions to model and analyse the dynamic
interactions between industrial production,
population, environmental damage, food
consumption and natural resource usage.
1969 - Friends of the Earth forms as a non-profit
organization dedicated to protecting the planet
from environmental degradation preserving
biological, cultural, and ethnic diversity and
empowering citizens to have an influential voice
in decisions affecting the quality of their
environment -- and their lives. 1971 -
Greenpeace starts up in Canada and launches an
aggressive agenda to stop environmental damage
through civil protests and non-violent
interference.
2
History of Sustainable Development
  • 1971 International Institute for Environment and
    Development (IIED) is established in Britain with
    a mandate to seek ways to make economic progress
    without destroying the environmental resource
    base.
  • 1972 United Nations Conference on the Human
    Environment, Stockholm. Only one Earth - led to
    the development of The United Nations Environment
    programme (UNEP)
  • 1972 Club of Rome publishes "Limits to Growth"
    (Meadows et.al) report
  • Best seller in several languages.
  • It described the use of a computer model World 3
    - to study the implications of continuing
    exponential growth in five interconnected trends
    of global concern industrialisation, population,
    growth, widespread malnutrition, depletion of
    non-renewable resources and ecological damage.
  • The report adopts a pessimistic view of
    development, warning of severe resource shortages
    if development were to maintain its current
    momentum.
  • Extremely controversial - Northern countries
    criticising it for not including technological
    solutions and Southern countries criticising it
    because because it advocates abandonment of
    economic development.

3
History of Sustainable Development
  • 1974 Rowland and Molina release seminal work on
    CFCs in Nature magazine.
  • They calculated that if human use of CFC gases
    was to continue at an unaltered rate the ozone
    layer would be depleted by many percent after
    some decades.
  • 1983 World Commission on Environment and
    Development forms. The commission works for 3
    years to weave together a report on social,
    economic, cultural, and environmental issues.
  • 1984 Worldwatch Institute publishes its first
    State of the World Report.
  • The report monitors changes in the global
    resource base, focusing particularly on how
    changes there affect the economy.
  • It concludes that "we are living beyond our
    means, largely by borrowing against the future."
  • 1985 Antarctic ozone hole discovered by British
    and American scientists.
  • 1987 World Commission on Environment and
    Development publish - Our Common Future (The
    Bruntland Report) in response to the request
    from the UN general assembly to propose long-term
    environmental strategies for achieving
    sustainable development by the year 2000.

4
History of Sustainable Development
  • 1987 Montreal Protocol focused on the depletion
    of the stratospheric ozone layer and eliminating
    substances that cause this (HCFCs).
  • Has since been strengthened twice - London and
    Copenhagen.
  • Production of CFCs in North stopped by 1996,
    countries in the South (China and India) to end
    production by 2006.
  • 1988 Inter-Governmental panel on Climate Change
  • Resulted in the framework convention on climate
    change signed by 153 countries the then EU,
    dealing with the threat of global warming
  • Thought lacked firm agreements on targets, did
    aim to stabilise 1990 levels of CO2 and other
    greenhouse gases
  • 1992 Meadows, D. B., Meadows, D. L. and Randers,
    J., Beyond the Limits, London Earthscan.
  • Using a computer model to map patterns of growth,
    the report concluded that environmental collapse
    was inevitable.
  • 'If the present growth trends on world
    population, industrialisation, pollution, food
    production and resource depletion remain
    unchanged, the limits to growth on this planet
    will be reached some time within the next 100
    years'.

5
History of Sustainable Development
  • 1992 United Nations Conference on Environment and
    Development (UNCED) held in Rio de Janeiro,
    Brazil The Earth Summit. 179 countries
    participated in this conference working towards
    reconciling the impact of human socio-economic
    activities on the environment. Outcomes
  • Convention on biological diversity
  • Framework convention on climatic change
  • Principles of forest management
  • Agenda 21
  • The Rio declaration on environment and
    development
  • 1994 Law of the Sea national sovereignty of
    off-shore waters and the national responsibility
    for the ecosystems within these waters (re.
    dumping waste, fish stocks etc.)
  • 1997 Kyoto Protocol Worlds Governments met in
    Japan to negotiate a treaty to start dealing
    seriously with climate change to reduce
    emissions of serious greenhouse gases CO2, CH4,
    NO, 3 types of fluorinated gases.

6
History of Sustainable Development
  • 1997 - Earth Summit5 - A five year review of
    Earth Summit progress was made by the United
    Nations General Assembly.
  • The final document adopted by delegates from over
    165 countries -- while taking small steps forward
    on a number of issues, including preventing
    climate change, forest loss and freshwater
    scarcity - disappointed many in that it contained
    few new concrete commitments on action needed.
  • 2001 Climate Summit, Bonn 178 countries
    developed a framework of how to implement the
    1997 Kyoto Protocol
  • 2002 - Earth Summit 2002, Johannesburg, South
    Africa. Rio10 - World Summit on Sustainable
    Development -people, planet, prosperity,
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