Understanding and Installing Hard Drives

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Chapter 8

• Understanding and Installing Hard Drives

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You Will Learn

• About hard drive technologies
• How a computer communicates with hard drive
  firmware
• How a hard drive is logically organized to hold
  data
• How to install a hard drive
• How to solve hard drive installation problems

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Hard Drive Technologies

• Used by hard drive to interface with the system
• Used within hard drive to read and write data to
  the drive

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Hard Drive Subsystem
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Types of Hard Drive Interfaces

• EIDE (Enhanced IDE) interface standards used by
  most hard drives
• Other interface standards

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EIDE Interface Standards

• Specify data transfer speed more than any other
  factor
• Considerations when selecting a standard
• Use fastest standard appropriate for range of the
  system and size of the drive
• Must be supported by the OS, system BIOS on
  motherboard, and firmware on the drive
• Ultra ATA/100 most popular

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ANSI Interface Standards
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EIDE Interface Standards (continued)

• Modes of transferring data between hard drive and
  memory
• DMA transfer mode
• PIO transfer mode
• IDE cabling methods
• Parallel ATA (PATA) technology
• Serial ATA (SATA) technology

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IDE Cabling Methods
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IDE Cabling Methods (continued)
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IDE Cabling Methods (continued)
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EIDE Interface Standards (continued)

• Independent device timing
• Drives larger than 137GB

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Configuring EIDE Drives

• EIDE standards support two IDE connections, a
  primary and a secondary
• Each connection can support up to two IDE devices
  for a total of four devices on a system
• Primary IDE channel, master device
• Primary IDE channel, slave device
• Secondary IDE channel, master device
• Secondary IDE channel, slave device

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Configuring EIDE Drives (continued)
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Other Interface Standards

• SCSI (small computer system interface)
• USB
• IEEE 1394
• Fibre Channel

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How Hard Drives Work
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How Hard Drives Work (continued)
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Tracks and Sectors on the Drive
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Tracks and Sectors on the Drive (continued)
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Low-Level Formatting

• Occurs at the factory
• Process of writing sector and track markings on
  the disk
• Expected to last for the life of the drive

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Considerations When Purchasing a Hard Drive

• Capacity
• Spindle speed
• Technology standard
• Cache or buffer size
• Average seek time
• Match drive to motherboard

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Communicating with the Hard Drive Controller
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Calculating Drive Capacity on Older Drives

• For drives less than 8.4 GB
• Determined by number of heads, tracks, and
  sectors on the disk, each sector holding 512
  bytes of data

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Hard Drive Size Limitations
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Methods of Retaining Backward Compatibility

• CHS mode or normal mode (for drives less than 528
  MB)
• Large mode or ECHS mode (for drives between 504
  MB and 8.4 GB)
• LBA mode (for drives larger than 504 MB)
• 33.8 GB limitation and 137 GB limitation
• Device drivers

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How a Hard Drive Is Logically Organized to Hold
Data

• Steps for preparing a hard drive to hold files
• Low-level format (usually done at the factory)
• Partitioning the hard drive
• High-level format

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Hard Drive Partitions and Logical Drives

• Active partition
• Primary partition
• Extended partition
• Logical partition

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Partitions and Logical Drives
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Hard Drive Partition Table
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Choice of File Systems

• FAT16
• Supported by all Windows systems
• FAT32 (and VFAT)
• Supported by Windows 95 Second Edition, Windows
  98, Windows 2000, Windows XP
• NTFS
• Supported by Windows NT, Windows 2000, Windows XP
• Each logical drive has its own file system

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How Many Logical Drives?
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When to Partition a Drive

• First install a new hard drive
• Existing drive is giving errors
• Suspect a virus has attacked the drive
• Want to wipe a hard drive clean and install a new
  OS

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Installing a Hard Drive

• Set jumpers or DIP switches physically install
  drive attach power cord and data cable
• Inform CMOS of new drive
• If installing an OS on the drive, boot from OS
  setup CD (and skip next two steps)
• If drive is not intended to hold an OS, use Fdisk
  or Disk Management to create partition(s) and
  divide extended partition into logical drives
• For second drive, use Format command or Disk
  Management to high-level format each logical drive

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Prepare for Installation

• Read documentation
• Plan drive configuration
• Prepare work area and take precautions

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Jumper Settings
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Jumper Settings (continued)
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Jumper Settings (continued)
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Mounting the Drive in the Bay
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Mounting the Drive in the Bay (continued)
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Mounting the Drive in the Bay (continued)
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Mounting the Drive in the Bay (continued)
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Mounting the Drive in the Bay (continued)
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Mounting the Drive in the Bay (continued)
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Mounting the Drive in the Bay (continued)
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Mounting the Drive in the Bay (continued)
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If the Bay Is Too Large
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Use CMOS to Change Hard Drive Settings
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Setup for Large-Capacity Hard Drives
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Setup for Large-Capacity Hard Drives (continued)
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Setup for Large-Capacity Hard Drives (continued)
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Using Fdisk to Partition a Drive
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Using Fdisk to Partition a Drive (continued)
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Using Fdisk to Partition a Drive (continued)
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Format Each Logical Drive

• After using Fdisk, you must reboot the PC before
  you format the drive
• Commands used to format logical drives C, D, and
  E
• Format C/S
• Format D
• Format E

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Using Windows to Partition and Format a New Drive

• Boot from Window setup CD
• Follow on-screen directions to install Windows on
  new drive
• The setup process partitions and formats new
  drive before it begins Windows installation

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Troubleshooting Hard Drive Installations

• Check CMOS setup to verify that system BIOS
  recognizes large drives
• Verify status of Fdisk
• Verify that Format C/S was done
• Check configuration of CMOS setup
• Confirm setting of DIP switches or jumpers
• Check connection of power cord and data cable
• Refer to Web site of manufacturer for suggestions

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Summary

• Introduction to hard drive technology
• How a hard drive is logically organized
• Physical characteristics of a hard drive
• How the OS and system BIOS communicate with the
  hard drive
• How to install a hard drive
• Troubleshooting hard drive installation problems