PSY 3440, UNIT 2, PART 1:

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PSY 3440, UNIT 2, PART 1

• Braksick, Chapters 3 and 4, Appendix B

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SO 1 ABC Analysis

• ABC Analysis A snapshot of behavior and its
  surrounding environment used to
• Understand why certain behaviors occur or not
• Identify strategies for encouraging desired
  behaviors and discouraging undesired behaviors

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SO 1 Antecedents

• Events that precede or prompt behavior
• Have short-term effects if not paired with
  consequences
• Have less impact on behavior than consequences
• Are overused compared to consequences

Due to its behavior analytic approach
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SO 1 Antecedents

• Training
• Job Aids
• Equipment
• Individual Abilities
• Behavior of Others
• Past events
• Requests
• Pep talks
• Cues in the environment (signs and posters)

Due to its behavior analytic approach
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SO 1 Behavior

• What a person says or does
• Pinpointed behaviors correlate with business
  results

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SO 1 Consequences

• Events that follow behavior
• Increase, maintain, or decrease behavior
• Have a great influence on whether behavior occurs
  again
• Positive consequences are the most desirable form
  of consequences

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SO 1 Consequences

• Feedback from supervisor
• Money
• Awards
• Mugs
• T-shirts
• Completion of a task

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SO 2 Antecedent Heavy Culture

• Antecedents have approximately 20 control over
  our behavior
• Consequences have 80 control

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SO 3 Conducting an ABC Analysis

• Identify antecedents for your pinpointed behavior
  (ideally both desired and undesired)
• Identify consequences for your pinpointed
  behavior
• Conduct a PIC/NIC analysis on those consequences
• Positive/Negative
• Immediate/Future
• Certain/Uncertain

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SO 3 Multiple Antecedents (and Consequences) for
a Single Behavior

• Typically more than one environmental event
  operating on behavior at a given time
• Example from book

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SO 3 Questions for Identifying Antecedents

• What happens right before the behavior happens?
• What triggers that behavior?
• What cues prompt your behavior?
• Whats happened in the past?

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SO 4 Consequence History

• A persons cumulative experience of positive and
  negative consequences for specific behaviors
  and/or antecedents
• Establish readiness to perform certain behaviors
• Negative consequences for a behavior or in the
  presence of certain antecedents will make you
  reluctant to engage in that behavior

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SO 4 Consequence History and New Initiatives

• New initiatives dont match current or past
  consequences
• Ignore it, it will go away

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SO 5 Effects of Antecedents and Consequences on
Behavior Change

• An antecedent alone will produce a small, often
  temporary change in behavior
• A consequence alone will produce modest, lasting
  changes in behavior
• Antecedents backed up by consequences will
  produce the greatest changes in behavior (either
  increases or decreases)

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SO 6 Identifying Consequences

• What does the performer experience as a result of
  the behavior?
• What happens to the performer as a result of the
  behavior?
• What events happen immediately after the behavior
  that are likely to impact the performer (either
  positively or negatively)?

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SO 7 Consequences

• Positive consequences increase behavior
• Negative consequences decrease behavior
• Consequences have 4x more impact on behavior than
  antecedents (80/20)

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SO 8 PIC/NIC Analysis

• Identifying whether a consequence is
• Positive or negative
• Immediate or Future
• Certain or Uncertain
• PICs and NICs are most effective in increasing or
  decreasing behavior, respectively
• The more delayed the consequence, the less
  effective it will be in affecting behavior in the
  intended direction
• The more uncertain the consequence, the less
  effective it will be in affecting behavior in the
  intended direction
• PIC Consequences result in discretionary effort

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SO 8 Main Types of Contingencies

• Positive Reinforcement (R) Adding something
  the person wants increases behavior
• Negative Reinforcement (R-) Removing (escape)
  or avoiding (avoidance) something the person
  doesnt want increases behavior
• Punishment (P) Adding something the person
  doesnt want decreases behavior

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SO 8 Main Types of Contingencies

• Penalty (P-) Removing something the person
  wants decreases behavior
• Extinction Withholding something the person
  wants decreases behavior
• Recovery from Punishment Stopping a punishment
  or penalty contingency increases behavior

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SO 9 Extinction Effects

• Extinction Burst
• Right away when you begin extinguishing a
  response youll often see it occurring at higher
  rates than it did before you started ignoring it
• Spontaneous Recovery
• After the behavior has decreased it all of a
  sudden jumps up in frequency again without your
  having reinforced it
• Typically occurs early on in extinction and is
  the result of the stimuli that are actually
  present at the beginning of an extinction session
• Resurgence
• The undesirable behavior you targeted decreases
  but a different beahvior that in the past
  resulted in similar reinforcement crops up in its
  place
• For example, you might get rid of complaining
  only to have it replaced with sarcasm. You have
  to ignore this, too!

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SO 10 Management Style

• Focus on negative consequences (punishment or
  penalty) or negative reinforcement
• Leaders seen as coercive, threatening
• Focus on positive reinforcement
• Leaders seen as supportive
• Discretionary effort occurs

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SO 10 Impact of Consequences

• Consequences applied have an impact on both
  RECEIVER and GIVER
• Examples in book

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SO 11 When to Use Punishment and Extinction

• Punishment
• Performance is unhealthy, physically dangerous,
  or life-threatening to the performer or others
  (ethical and legal issues here)
• When someone is doing things that are destructive
  to the organization, such as being dishonest or
  unfair or illegal
• When you catch the person in the act of the
  undesired performance
• Otherwise it may appear that you consent to this
  behavior

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SO 11 When to Use Punishment and Extinction

• Extinction
• When conditions that demand punishment are not
  present
• When you have control over the R (usually social
  reinforcement

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SO 11 Correction and DRA

• Correction
• Punish undesired behavior
• Reinforce desired behavior
• Why?
• Punishment only decreases behavior
• Doesnt guarantee that youll get a desired
  behavior in its place

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SO 11 Correction and DRA

• Differential Reinforcement of Alternative
  Behavior (DRA)
• Extinguish undesired behavior
• Reinforce desired behavior
• Why?
• Extinction only decreases behavior
• Doesnt guarantee that youll get a desired
  behavior in its place

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SO 12 Providing Consequences

• Feedback
• Information about a performance, words of praise,
  applause, frowns, smiles, measurement data that
  allow you to evaluate performance
• Tangible Items
• Things that can be physically touched, held, or
  exchanged for other physical items, such as
  money, trinkets, plaques, letters of
  commendation, movie tickets

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SO 12 Providing Consequences

• Activities
• The opportunity to participate in a desirable
  activity as a result of doing another behavior
  (Premack Principle)
• Work Processes
• The next step of the work being performed
  (Behavior Chains)

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SO 13 PIC/NIC

• Reveals patterns of consequences
• Work with people involved to get their insights
  into how to redesign the consequences
• If you cant get rid of the NICs for a desired
  behavior, add more PICs

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END UNIT 2, PART 1