Biochemistry

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Biochemistry

• Biology Chapter 6
• EOC Goal 2

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Basic Chemistry
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Basic Chemistry

• Atoms are the basic unit of matter.
• Made of
• Protons
• Neutrons
• Electrons

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Basic Chemistry

• Elements are pure substances that are made of one
  type of atom.
• Chemical symbols are used to represent each atom.
• Found on the Periodic Table

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Basic Chemistry

• Compounds are combinations of 2 or more atoms.
• Combination has different properties than the
  individual atoms
• Chemical formula shows the number and type of
  atoms in a compound

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Basic Chemistry

• Compounds are held together with chemical bonds.
• Types of Bonds
• Ionic Bonds
• Exchange electrons
• Called ions
• Covalent Bonds
• Share electrons
• Called molecules

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pH Scale

• Acids, Bases, and pH
• Acids ? make hydrogen ion in water are bitter to
  the taste
• Examples lemon juice, vinegar, stomach acid
• Bases ? make hydroxide ion in water are slippery
  to the touch
• Examples soaps, Clorox, Pepto Bismol
• pH Scale ? scale that measures acid and base
• Range 0 Acid 7 Base 14

A buffer is used to maintain a certain pH level.

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Biochemistry
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Biochemistry

• Study of the chemicals necessary for living
  things.
• Also called organic chemistry.
• Involves the element carbon (C) in a covalent bond

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Biochemistry

• Six elements needed in large quantities for
  living things are
• Carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, oxygen, phosphorus,
  and sulfur
• Elements needed in small quantities are called
  trace elements.

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Biochemistry

• Terms to Know
• Monomer the smallest unit of a substance
• Example like one Lego block
• Polymer many monomers linked together to make a
  large structure also called macromolecules
• Example Lego blocks put together to make a
  Lego house

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Bio-Molecules

• Types of Organic Molecules
• (Bio-molecules)
• Carbohydrates
• Lipids
• Proteins
• Nucleic Acids

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Carbohydrates
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Carbohydrates

• Also called sugars and starches
• Composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen in a
  121 ratio (Example C6H12O6)
• Typically end in ose (Example glucose)
• Function to store and release quick energy (but
  if not used, these are stored as fat)
• Test Used To Identify StarchgtIodine

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Carbohydrates

• One unit of sugar (monomer )? monosaccharide
• Example glucose, fructose
• Two units of sugar ?
  Disaccharide
• Example sucrose, lactose
• Many units of sugars (polymer) ? Polysaccharide

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Carbohydrates

• Examples of Polysaccharides
• Starch ? sugars in plants
• Glycogen ? energy storage in animal muscle (makes
  muscle meat dark)
• Cellulose ? found in plant cell walls animals
  can not digest (roughage)
• Chitin ? in insect exoskeletons

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Lipids
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Lipids

• Commonly called fats, oils, and waxes
• Composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen in a
  non-specific ratio (Example C21H17O43)
• Function
• Quick energy (twice as much as carbs)
• Insulation, body padding
• Test Used to Identify Brown Paper Bag

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Lipids

• Monomer ? glycerol and 3 fatty acids

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Lipids

• Types of Lipids (Fats)
• Saturated bonds in molecule are unbendable
  tend to clog arteries typically from animals
  (fats, butter, lard)
• Unsaturated some bonds in molecule bend
  better, but can still clog arteries typically
  from plants (oils)
• Polyunsaturated many bonds in molecule bend
  best type of fat to eat typically from plants
  (oils)

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Proteins
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Proteins

• Composed of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen,
  and sometimes sulfur
• Monomer ? amino acids
• Polymer ? polypeptide
• Account for 50 of the dry weight of cells
• Test Used To Identify Biuret

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Proteins

• Functions of Proteins
• Structure (cells,tissues)
• Fibers in bone, tendons, ligaments, and cartilage
• Homeostasis regulation (hormones and enzymes)
• Metabolism
• Defense against disease (antibodies)

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Enzymes (Catalysts)

• Enzymes are special proteins that act as
  catalysts in the body.
• Catalysts Substances that
• speed up chemical reactions
• without being affected by
• the reaction themselves.

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Nucleic Acids
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Nucleic Acids

• Made of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and
  sulfur
• Function ? control genetic information
• Monomer ? nucleotide
• Polymers
• DNA ? deoxyribonucleic acid
• RNA ? ribonucleic acid

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