Objectives

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• Chapter 12

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Objectives

• Explain why diversity is a business issue
• Explain what happens to tokens in organizations.
• Explain the effects of increasing heterogeneity
• Describe dimensions of cultural differences
• Understand how to manage diversity in
  organizations

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Diversity

• Relevant to organizations
• Increased immigration
• Cultural policies of equality (Human Rights)
• Globalization
• Stereotyping
• Attributing characteristics or acting toward an
  individual based on their belonging to a group
  and our assumptions about that group.

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What Happens to Tokens?
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Tokens

• Men highest commitment levels in male
  homogeneous groups. Male tokens have low levels
  of satisfaction and commitment. Males had lower
  commitment in mixed gender groups.
• Women lower commitment in female homogeneous
  groups. Female tokens had higher commitment.
  Females had higher commitment in mixed gender
  groups.

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Tokens

• Whites highest commitment levels in white
  homogeneous groups. White tokens have low levels
  of satisfaction and commitment. Whites had lower
  commitment in mixed race groups
• Non-whites lower commitment in non-white
  homogeneous groups. Non-white tokens had higher
  commitment. Non-whites had higher commitment in
  mixed race groups.

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Power and conflict explanations

• Social identity theory the self-concept is
  socially constructed and situation specific.
• Ones specific identities become salient in some
  situations.
• Identities become salient in contrast to others

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Power and conflict explanations

• Realistic conflict theory traditional in-groups
  create policies that are favourable to the
  in-group and often unfavourable to the out-group.
• As heterogeneity rises
• low-status positions and potential difficulty in
  increasing status becomes more apparent. (?)
• The potential loss of status becomes more
  apparent. (?)
• Consequence is an increased potential for
  negative affect and conflict

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• Identity Incongruence
• Identify with the high status group rather than
  ones own group
• Act like the high status group
• Have attitudes similar to the high status towards
  ones own in-group. (?)

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Hofstedes Value Dimensions of National Culture
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...Hofstedes Value Dimensions of National Culture
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Integration of diverse populations

• Contact
• Attitude training
• Behavior change cognitive dissonance effects
• Harassment and equity policies
• Mentoring programs