The Budget crunch: which programs do we cut

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The Budget crunch which programs do we cut?

• Megan Lawlor
• Katy Silliman
• Kate Lunde

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What would YOU do?

• Hunger Strike

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The arts Music and Art Programs
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Art in the 1800s

• 1825 - An Introduction to Linear Drawing -
  William Fowle
• First art textbook in the United States public
  schools.
• 1840 - Elizabeth Palmer Peabody
• Published papers about how art needed to be
  taught in school.
• 1859 - Cooper Union for the Advancement of
  Science and Art was founded.
• 1870 - Massachusetts legislature passes act
  authorizing teaching of drawing in public
  schools.
• 1872 - Art Education, Scholastic and Industrial -
  Walter Smith
• Reference for many groups and institutions
• 1873 - Syracuse University establishes a College
  of Fine Arts.
• Second U.S. college, after Yale, to grant degrees
  in fine arts.

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Art in the 1900s

• 1913 Composition A Series of Exercises in Art
  Structure for the Use of Students and Teachers -
  Arthur Wesley Dow
• 1920 - Florence Cane developed the scribble
  technique
• Introduced into the schools in the early
  twentieth century.
• 1924 - The Beginnings of Art in the Public
  Schools - Margaret E. Mathias
• 1933 - Owatonna Project was started in Minnesota
• 1934 New Deal
• Federal Art Project (FAP) incorporated into the
  Works Progress Administration (WPA)

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The Great Depression

• Under the New Deal, the notion of work expanded
  beyond the construction of roads, bridges, dams,
  and buildings. Government patronage for
  the arts inspired creativity, provided
  entertainment, and promoted American culture.

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Art in the 1900s Continued

• 1950 - If I Ran The Zoo Ted Geisel
• Ted Geisel, better known as Dr. Seuss, had been
  turned down many times before this date because
  of the sometimes violent illustrations.
• 1957 - The Soviets launch Sputnik
• Americans believe that their schools have failed
  to provide enough good scientists to compete with
  their Cold War enemies.
• National Defense Education Act, passed in 1958,
  greatly decreases the emphasis placed on art
  education in schools.
• 1962 - United States Office of Education
  establishes Cultural Affairs Branch, supporting
  arts education.
• 1968 - Number of art teachers graduating from
  college increased by 200 since the 1950s.

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The New Millennium

• How are we measuring up?

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The Benefits Individual

• Americans for the Arts
• VH1s Save the Music

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The Benefits Nation

• The arts and culture industry is an economic
  driver in communitiesa growth industry that
  supports jobs, generates government revenue, and
  is the cornerstone of tourism.

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Budget Cut Poll

• Which programs stay and which one goes??

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Foreign Language Education
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American Ideology

• History of Tension and Inconsistency
• Strong belief in monolingual society
• Speaking English is part of being American (75)
• Stated value of diversity and multiculturalism
• Language is strongly linked to culture
• When dominant culture is threatened by conflict
  or significant immigration
• Increase in English Only mentality (1890s,
  NCLB)
• Time of greatest foreign language need
• Changing attitudes is a major challenge
• Not based in personal experience
• Knee-jerk reaction to stimulus
• Not fact-based, so facts dont resolve

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Language in US History

• Language in the United States
• Non-English speakers always present
• Native Americans and Mexicans already here
• Constant stream of non-English speaking
  immigrants
• Created as English-dominant, not English-only
• Through late 19th century, multilingualism and
  bilingual education widely supported
• Vestiges of Conquest not Cooperation
• Dominant culture mandates its language
• Use of dominant language fidelity
• Refusal to recognize minority languages

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Foreign Language in US History

• Wealthy and Elite
• Language as access to literature
• Evidence of education and culture
• Latin, Greek, French
• Average American
• Language of community
• Content instruction or as foreign language
• Teachers lacked foreign language knowledge
• Foreign language teaching increases in 20th
  century
• War brings recognition of weaknesses
• National Defense Education Act (1958)

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Philosophical Issues

• Is foreign language an Essential Subject?
• American Opinion Polls (2004)
• The study of foreign language is as important as
  mathematics
• (64 yes)
• There should be more funding of foreign language
  instruction
• (50 yes 75 in 18-24 age group)
• Favor bilingual education
• (66 yes)
• Government Policy No Child Left Behind
• Foreign language is not included in its
  priorities
• Foreign language instruction time reduced

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Everyone Speaks English

• Language with the most native speakers
• Putonghua/Mandarin Chinese(?)
• 2-4 are Spanish(?), Hindi(?), English(?)
• There is some disagreement in 2nd 4th order
• Language with the most L2 speakers
• Putonghua/Mandarin Chinese(?)
• 2-4 are English(?), Hindi(?), Spanish(?)
• Most common online language
• English(?)
• 68 sites 30 users
• Fastest growing world language
• Arabic (?)

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Is there a Lingua Franca?

• Latin/Greek
• Middle ages through 17th century
• French
• 17th century through early 20th century
• English
• Early 20th century through ????
• Russian (Soviet Union)
• All but disappeared in one generation
• Classical Arabic
• Lingua Franca in Arabic-speaking world
• Putonghua/Mandarin Chinese
• Lingua Franca within China (236 languages)
• China is soon to have the most English speakers

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European Comparison

• Unity through Diversity
• 27 Recognized Languages
• Explicit Support of Minority Languages
• Rejecting English as the European Language
• Mother Tongue 2 Foreign Languages
• English most common foreign language
• Ex. Luxembourg trilingual education since 1913
• Luxemburgisch, German, French 80 in daily use
• Receptive Multilingualism
• Comprehension of language families
• Each person speaks mother tongue

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Benefits Global Business

• American businesses need language skills
• Business Partnerships
• English as lingua franca ? business in English
• English as lingua franca ? American
• Cultural issues are critical to business
• English-only attitude is offensive
• Potential Customers
• 95 of potential customers live outside the USA
• Over 50 of them do not speak English
• Main reason American companies do not expand to
  non-English speaking countries is lack of
  language and cultural expertise

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Benefits National Security

• Need to understand our enemies
• Armed Services Training Program (WWII)
• National Defense Education Act (1957)
• Post 9/11 investigation (2002)
• Couldnt analyze intelligence gathered due to
  lack of language skills
• Negotiation needs
• English is unsuitable for negotiation
• Cultural issues are critical to the process
• Language-related misunderstandings are common
  when proficiency is low
• Air Force Chief of Staff (2004)
• Highest priority is an Air Force with foreign
  language proficiency and cultural sensitivity

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Benefits Individual

• Cognitive
• Increased creativity, metalinguistic awareness,
  problem-solving skills, symbolic understanding
• Personal
• Ease of travel, confidence, sense of personal
  identity and culture
• Communicative
• Flexibility of language skills
• Cultural
• Awareness and acceptance of diversity
• Academic
• Math, Language arts

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Benefits individual

• Future possibilities
• College entrance requirements
• Competitive edge in global economy
• It is what our children want when they are
  exposed to it
• Only 8 of college students take language classes
• Many feel they are already behind due to learning
  time
• 75 (age 18-24) want more foreign language in
  secondary education
• Dickinson College Statistics (2005)
• 15 Major in Foreign Languages
• 29 in International Fields requiring advanced FL
• 54 of graduating class studied abroad

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• Will we seize the opportunities presented in
  this age of globalization, or will we cling to
  the traditions which have become so limiting?
  (Grandin, 2005)
• will it turn out that, having globalized the
  world, the United States has forgotten to
  globalize itself? (NY Times 2005)
• Support Foreign Language Education Today

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GATE Programs
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Early History

• 427 347 BCE - Plato
• Advocated for men and women of superior intellect
  to be educated according to their giftedness.
• 580 618 CE - Tang Dynasty
• Exceptional children were brought to the Imperial
  Palace to be educated.
• 1300 1600s - Renaissance
• People talented in art, architecture, and
  literature were supported by Kings or by nobility
  so that they could produce their art.

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recognition of giftedness

• 1888-1894 - Sir Francis Galton
• Identified four categories gifted, capable,
  average, and degenerate
• Intelligence is hereditary
• Supported eugenics
• 1916 - Stanford-Binet Intelligence
  Test/Intelligence Quotient - Lewis Terman
• Intelligence Quotient (IQ) mental age compared
  to physical age
• Tested Soldiers in WWI
• Top 2 considered to be highly intelligent

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Focus on the Gifted

• 1920s - First School for the Gifted in NYC - Leta
  Hollingworth
• For children with IQ scores of over 180
• Early identification, home and school cultures
  affect gifted students.
• Gifted kids will not be fine on their own.
• 1958 - National Defense Education Act
• Emphasis on educating gifted children.
• IQ score of 130 defined as gifted.
• 1972 - Marland Report
• Definition of giftedness demonstrated
  achievement and/or potential ability in
• General intellectual ability, specific academic
  aptitude, creative or productive thinking,
  leadership ability, visual and performing arts,
  psychomotor ability

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Recent events

• 1983 - A Nation at Risk
• US not competitive with top students of developed
  nations.
• Recommended GATE Programs and national gifted
  standards.
• 1988 - Elementary and Secondary Ed. Act
• Jacob Javits Gifted and Talented Students Ed. Act
• Research on testing, identification and teaching
  gifted students.
• National Research Center on the Gifted and
  Talented
• 2001 - No Child Left Behind
• No reward for students who excel on state tests.
  
• 2004 - How Schools Hold Back Americas Brightest
  Students
• Disparity between research about best teaching
  practices for gifted students and what happens in
  schools.

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What is a Gifted child?

• Myths
• Homogenous, self-directed, naturally creative
  high achievers
• Dont need help future is assured
• Dont have problems
• Social and emotional development matches
  intellectual development
• Socially isolated
• Intellect is seen as most important quality by
  student and his/her family
• Make everyone smarter
• Can do anything if they apply themselves

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What is a gifted child?

• Truths
• Often perfectionists and idealists
• Over-sensitive due to high expectations
• Skills can be asynchronous
• Mappers vs Leapers
• May already know more than half of curriculum
• Natural problem solvers
• See complexity and can get lost in it
• High expectations of themselves leave them often
  unwilling to try something if they believe they
  wont excel

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Facts about gate programs

• No Federal Mandate for GATE Programs
• NCLB has taken money from GATE Programs
• Priority on essential skills
• Gifted programs are controlled by States
• Some have only enrichment programs
• The top 5 of a class identifies high achievers
  but not necessarily gifted students
• Gifted population statistics
• 20 of students are gifted
• 5 drop out of school due to boredom

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Think about this!

• Why is it that we fail to promote, encourage and
  support our top students when we routinely
  promote, encourage, and support our top athletes?
  Not everyone who wants to play gets to be on the
  team!
• Equality goes both ways. It means were going
  to accommodate the needs of students, whether
  theyre struggling, average or above-average
  learners. Joseph S. Renzulli, director of the
  National Research Center on the Gifted and
  Talented at Uconn
• SUPPORT GATE PROGRAMS TODAY

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common issues
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Philosophical

• Are these programs essential to your childs
  education?
• Is NCLB mandating essentialism?
• To what extent should state and local governments
  determine school content?
• Should education include more than the essential
  subjects?
• Non-essential programs are often a childs
  favorite part of school
• Skills learned in these programs are transferable
• Skills take time to develop
• Many careers depend on these skills

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Social Foundations

• Who Controls our Education?
• Constitution places control with State
• NCLB is a method by which Federal Government
  controls State decisions and prioritizations
• Whose interests does NCLB promote?
• Focus on essential skills reading, writing,
  math
• Stated goal is to make sure all succeed
• Schools often pull poorly performing students
  from non-essential programs to improve test
  scores
• What do you think?
• Who benefits most from non-essential programs?
• Wealthy families can pay for them on their own
• How might an individual be limited by lack of
  art, foreign language and gifted programs?

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School Board meeting

• One of these must be cut tonight
• Arts, Foreign Language, GATE

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Resources

• Arts
• Moms end protest of school budget cuts
  http//www.miamiherald.com/news/southflorida/story
  /861997.html
• The History of Art Education Time Line
  http//www.personal.psu.edu/faculty/m/a/mas53/time
  lint.html
• The Great Depression and the Arts
  http//newdeal.feri.org/nchs/teach.htm
• National Center for education statistics
  http//aep-arts.org/files/research/2002131.pdf
• Americans for the Arts
• http//www.americansforthearts.org/public_awarenes
  s/?gclidCI-w06aG5ZkCFQOaFQodK3YBRQ
• VH1s Save the Music http//www.vh1savethemusic.c
  om/
• Picture http//www.culturalcare.ca/_imgs_ccap/pic
  s_states/south_dakota.jpg
• Foreign Language
• Garcia O. (2009). Bilingual education in the 21st
  century. A global perspective. Wiley Sons.
• Heining-Boynton A. L. Ed. (2006). 2005-2015
  Realizing our vision of languages for all. ACTFL
  foreign language education series. Pearson
  Education.
• Tokuhama-Espinosa T. (2008). Living languages.
  Westport, CT Praeger.
• GATE
• "AGATE Conference." AGATE Homepage. Advocacy for
  Gifted and Talented Education in New York State.
  8 Apr. 2009 http//agatenyc.ipower.com/AGATE_Ident
  ification.html.
• "Gifted education -." Wikipedia, the free
  encyclopedia. 14 Apr. 2009 http//en.wikipedia.org
  /wiki/Talented_and_Gifted_programcite_ref-bce_13-
  2.
• Hull, Dana. "Education programs on the chopping
  block - San Jose Mercury News." San Jose Mercury
  News Home - San Jose Mercury News. 8 Apr. 2009.
  14 Apr. 2009 http//www.mercurynews.com/ci_1209103
  5?IADIDSearch-www.mercurynews.com-www.mercurynews
  .com.
• "Human Intelligence Leta Stetter Hollingworth."
  Indiana University. 14 Apr. 2009
  http//www.indiana.edu/intell/lhollingworth.shtml
  .
• Kantrowitz, Barbara. "Failing The Most Gifted
  Kids." Newsweek 15 Nov. 1993. Newsweek.com.
  Newsweek. 8 Apr. 2009 http//www.newsweek.com/id/1
  24930.