www.nscsa.org

1
Leading causes of fatalities

• Entry without testing
• Re-entry without testing
• Entering a space that has not been ventilated
• Flammable/toxic vapors and gases

2
Leading causes of fatalities contd

• Oxygen deficiency
• Using air-purifying respirators in an oxygen
  deficient atmosphere
• Electrical shock
• Defective or misused equipment
• Physical and emotional factors

3
Exposure To Toxic Materials

• Disease eg. Cancer, black lung, etc.
• Reproductive damage
• Allergic reactions
• Eyes, nose, throat, skin and/or lungs burns at
  moderate levels of exposure
• Damage to any organ or tissue

4
Personal Exposure Limits (PEL)

• Threshold Limit Value (TLV)
• Ceiling (TLV-C)
• Time Weighted Average (TWA
• Short Term Exposure Limit (STEL)

5
Threshold limit Value

• An exposure to which nearly everyone can be
  exposed day after day without any adverse health
  affects.

6
Ceiling (TLV-C)

• Concentration that should not be exceeded, even
  momentarily.

7
Time Weighted AverageTWA

• 8-hour day/40 hour week

8
Short Term Exposure Limit(STEL)

• 15 min. exposure, 60 min. break, 4 times a day

9
Immediate Danger to Life and Health (I.D.L.H.)

• Immediate risk of injury, sickness or death.
• NOT to be entered

10

• Materials Safety Data Sheet (MSDS)

11
Lockout/Tagout

• Energy sources
• Electrical
• Pressure
• Momentum/Gravity
• Residual / Store Energy

12
Blind
13
Flange/Blank
14
Tag
15
Lockout / Tag Devices
16
Oxygen
LP 5-1
17
Explosive Limits

• Explosions
• Explosive range
• Upper Explosive Limit (UEL)(UFL)
• Lower Explosive Limit (LEL) (LFL)
• Inhalation risks

LP 5-2
18
Classifications for Hazardous Locations

• Class 1-where there is a danger of explosion due
  to the presence of a flammable gas or vapor
• Class 11-where there is a danger of explosion due
  to presence of a flammable dust
• Class 111- where there is a danger of explosion
  or flash fire due to presence of a flammable
  fibers or flyings

LP 5-4
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Divisions

• Division 1 -Location where an explosive mixture
  of gas,vapor,dust,fibers or flying, and air may
  exist under normal operating conditions
• Division 2 - Location where an explosive
  mixture of gas,vapor, dust, fibers or flying,
  and air may exist under abnormal operating
  conditions ie. Accidental rupture of a vessel or
  container or failure of a ventilating system, etc

LP 5-5
20
Groups

• Class 1
• Group A - Acetylene
• Group B - Butadlene. Hydrogen, Ethylene Oxide,
  Propylene Oxide
• Group C - Acetadehyde, Ethylene, Cyclopropane,
  Ether Vapours, UDMH,Unsymmetrical

LP 5-6
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Groups Continued

• Group D -Acetone, Ammonia, Benzene, Butyl
  Alcohol, Butyl Acetate, Ethane, Ethyl Acetate,
  Ethylene Dichloride, Gasoline, Heptane, Hexanes,
  Isoprene, Methane, Methanol, Ketones, Propanol,
  Petroleum, Octanes, Pentanes, Propane, Ethanol
  Propylene, Stryene, Toluene, Vinyl Acetate, Vinyl
  Chloride, Xylanes

LP 5-7
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Groups Continued

• Class 2
• Group E - Metal dust includes Aluminum,
  Commercial Alloys and Magnesium
• Group F - Carbon Black, Coal, Charcoal, Coke Dust
• Group G - Flour, Starch, Grain Dust

LP 5-8
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Class 1

• A/c hangers, Breweries,
• Petroleum refineries and plants
• Paint Manufactures
• Hospitals, Sewers
• Tanks containing flammable/combustible liquids

LP 5-9
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Class 2

• Flour and Feed Mills
• Grain Elevator and ships
• Areas of packing pulverized sugar/Cocoa
• Coal Handling/ preparation Plants

LP 5-10
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Class 3

• Woodworking Plants
• Textile Mills
• Cotton Gins/Seed Mills
• Knitting/Weaving Mills

LP 5-11
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Static Electricity
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Static Electricity
28
Static Electricity
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Static Electricity
30
Static Electricity
31
Exhaust VentilationLighter than Air
Vapours(Caution)
PATH OF FRESH AIR
PATH OF EXHAUST AIR
POSSIBLE GAS POCKETS ..

...
32
Exhaust VentilationHeavier than Air
Vapours(Caution)
PATH OF FRESH AIR
PATH OF EXHAUST AIR
POSSIBLE GAS POCKETS ..

...
33
Dilution Ventilation - Effective
PATH OF EXHAUST AIR
PATH OF FRESH AIR
POSSIBLE GAS POCKETS ..

...
34
Dilution Ventilation - Chimney Effect (Caution)
PATH OF FRESH AIR
PATH OF EXHAUST AIR
POSSIBLE GAS POCKETS ..

...
35
Combination - Dilution and Exhaust Ventilation
(Effective)
PATH OF EXHAUST AIR
PATH OF FRESH AIR
POSSIBLE GAS POCKETS ..

...
36
Hazards of Confined Spaces

• 02 deficiency/enrichment
• Difficult entry/exit
• Bulk materials
• Electrical shock

37
Dangers in Confined Space

• fire/explosion
• toxicity
• drowning/entrapment
• Others

38
Hazards of Confined Spaces

• Working surfaces slips falls
• Temp Extremes
• Noise conditions
• Poor visibility
• Psychological factors

39
Example of Emergency Response Plan Check List

• Communications
• Haz Mat Response
• Emergency response, (Rescue personnel) notified
  or in place.
• Fire fighting response

40
Example ofEmergency Response Plan Check List
contd

• Medical Aid response
• Policing notified or in place
• Emergency evacuation plans ready or implemented
• Personnel Responsibilities detailed

41
Example ofEmergency Response Plan Check List
contd

• Entry certificate (permit) completed with
  applicable signatures
• Hazard Identification / Assessment
• Tag / Lockout
• Area cordoned off

42
Example ofEmergency Response Plan Check List
contd

• Warning signs posted.
• Emergency response equipment in place.
• Transportation
• Emergency response, plan all personnel involved,
  brief given including additional emergency
  response procedures

43
Purpose of the Entry Permit

• To ensure existing and potential hazards are
  assessed.
• Ensure preventive measures and procedures are
  identified.
• Act as a checklist.
• In most case entrants are safe to work in space
  within limits of the permit.

44
Entry Permit

• Prepared by a designated competent person
• Valid for the duration of a shift, not exceeding
  24 hours after tests performed
• Unless the conditions under which the permit was
  issued change prior to task completion