WORMS

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WORMS PHYLUM Platyhelminthes Recent
Simplest group of worms which are flattened
(thus the nick name flatworms) which lack
segmentation. They have a mouth but no anus or
digestive tract-size is .5mm to 12meters
Class Turbellaria- free living types in
marine and freshwater Class Trematoda-
flukes which are either internal or
external parasites (liver flukes) Class
Cestoidea- tapeworms
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PHYLUM Nemathelminthes Recent Unsegmented
roundworms with complete digestive tract the
mouth and anus are on opposite ends to the body.
No circulatory or respiratory systems.
Class Nematoda-includes many free living and
parasitic worms-perhaps the most prolific of all
the worms
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PHYLUM Gordiacea ?Carboniferous and Tertiary
(found inside insect fossils) and Recent
horsehair worms which are long and thin with
uniform cylindrical body. Freshwater only Three
other phyla that include ribbon worms,
spiny-headed worms, some with a spinose body-all
only known in the Recent
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PHYLUM Trochelminthes Recent This group
includes Rotifers (sometimes called water fleas)
which are recent also occur (but not reported in
the literature in some of the Carboniferous of
Nova Scotia (the black shale brackish water
sequences. This phylum also includes some
worms PHYLUM Chaetognatha some found in Burgess
Shale (Cambrian) but mostly known from the
Recent. Arrow worms (20-70mm long) torpedo shaped
marine worms, often very abundant in plankton
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PHYLUM Annelida Pre-Cam. to Recent Segmented
worms including earthworms, leeches, and a host
of marine worms. Class Archiannelida
Recent Minor group of marine
worms Class Polychaeta Pre-Cam-Recent One
of the most commonly known marine worms- fossils
are often only trace fossils in the form of
U-shaped tubes. They also leave distinctive jaw
parts called Scolecodonts. If you fish a lot in
the ocean you almost certainly have used these
for bait. Class Oligochaeta
Recent Earthworms and related forms that live in
moist soil and freshwater. Some have commensal
relationships with larger invertebrates.

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Class Hirudinea Recent Leeches
which are freshwater, marine or terrestrial in
habitat. Have enlarged suckers on oral end for
attachment and locomotion (from host).
Class Gephyrea Recent Sausage shaped body with
tentacles at mouth fossils are trace fossils
only (u-shaped burrows)
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Morphology of worms Upper worm is a flat Worm or
platyhelminthes- Leaves little or no Fossil
record Serpula is a feather worm Which leaves an
excellent Record, especially in the
Carboniferous of NovaScotia Nereis is a common
polychaete That causes many troubles Here because
of its value As fish bait-it lives in mudflats
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These are representatives From Cam.(14-17),
Ord. (3-6), Silurian (1,7,11), Devon. (2,12,13a),
Penn. (13b0, Cret. (8,9), And Paleogene(10) Serpu
la is also found living In the Carboniferous 1-7
are teeth or scolecodonts Which are composed of
50 C, 50 SiO2 These are sometimes confused
With a microfossil group We will look at.
Miocene Calcareous Polychaete Worm tube
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These are some more incertae sedis -they
could Belong to any one of a Number of
phyla. However most of these are Conulariids,
which occur Commonly in the rocks You are looking
at from The Carboniferous limestone From the
quarry.
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PHYLUM Porifera Pre-Cambrian-Recent (means pore
bearing) Sponges which are either solitary or
colonial with a body that has many pores and
very simple internal structure- no mouth internal
organs but with specialized individual cell
types. Skeletal material consists of calcareous,
siliceous, or hard organic spicules, dominantly
marine, ranked just above protozoans in
classification
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Class Calcispongia Dev. Recent Calcareous
spicules, two orders-one only in the
Recent the other from Dev.-Rec. Class
Hyalospongea Cam. Recent Siliceous
spicules, glass sponges, two orders, one
only in the Recent, the other Cam.
Recent Class Demospongea Pre-Cam. Recent
Siliceous or hard organic spicules three
orders, one Cam.-Rec., one Pre-Cam.-Rec.
and one only in the Recent
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Living sponge cutaway-these are the most
primitive of all Living multicellular
animals-basically just a group of Individual
cells living together in a colony and helping
the colonly in their own way
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What we find in the fossil record is generally a
lot of Sponge spicules that are either CaCO3 or
SiO2 These can be very common in sediment
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Cambrian Siliceous sponges
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Ordovician Siliceous Sponges Most of these
Were found in The midwestern Part of the USA
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Representative Silurian and Devonian
siliceous Sponges from New York And Tennesse
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An early colonial glass Sponge from the
Mississippian
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Carboniferous and Permian Calcispongia , Mostly
from the Midwest (Texas, Oklahoma, And Nebraska)
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Representative Mesozoic sponges 1-3 are
calcisponges And the rest are Siliceous sponges
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Incertae Cedis (Sponge-like organisms of unknown
affinity), all lower Paleozoic
Class Pleospongea L. to Mid-Cam. Calcareous
single or double walled saucer shaped to
cylindrical, porous fossils Class
Receptaculitida Ord. Dev. Calcareous saucer
shaped fossils Class Nidulitida
Mid. Ord. Calcareous hollow ovoid fossils,
honeycomb structure
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Pleosponges are restricted To the Cambrian There
are large Archaeocyathid Reefs in Labrador(1
below)
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Receptaculitids Are restricted To Ordovician And
Devonian-they Are calcareous
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Russian Hat or a Venus-flower-basket
(5) Sponge from 500m off the Scotian coast-some
of these Were 30cm long
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PHYLUM Bryozoa Ord. Rec. Have had a varied
history taxonomically being placed with the
molluscs and brachiopoda but now considered a
phylum on their own. Fossils are coral-like
colonial-like CaCO3 structures having polyps
inside with tentacles, but more complicated
internal soft body than coelentrates. Both
freshwater and marine
Living bryozoan From Nova Scotia
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Class Phyactolaemata- Recent Freshwater bryozoans
Class Gymnolaemata Ord.-Recent Almost
exclusively marine, calcareous skeletons 5
orders where 4 range from Ord.-Rec. and one has
a range of Jur. Rec. All but one have
calcareous skeletons and the orders are
differentiated on types of mouths, tentacles,
etc. Some have comb-like tentacles and the most
recent order has an operculum like some
gastropods The two types morphologically
are Fenestrellids- Trellis Archimedes-
straight columns
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Anatomy of a living bryozoan
Zooid extended in A and retracted in B These
have a lophophore much like the Brachiopods Which
is why they were once placed as brachiopods
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Structural features Of a bryozoan Colony-structure
Is made of CaCO3 This one is a cutaway All the
structural Material is carbonate
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Trepostome Bryozoans From the Middle Ordovician Of
Minnesota
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Representative Ordovician Bryozoans
from Minnesota.
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Representative Silurian bryozoans From New York
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Structure of two Cryptostome bryozoans Of from
the Pennsylvanian Of Texas
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Here we see the two Basic types-the Fenestrella
type Which forms in kind Of trellis
shape And the Archimedes Type which
forms In a column form In your material
the Archimedes type seems To be most common
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Middle Ordovician Bryozoans Attached to the
Inside of a brachiopod
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A collection Of Devonian Bryozoans from Ohio,
Michigan And New York
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A collection of mostly Fenestrillids from
the Mississippian of the Midwestern USA
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These cheilostome bryozoans Are characterized by
closure of their Aperture with a chitinous
operculum These are all Neogene forms
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These are characteristic Paleogene
cheilostome bryozoans
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A modern Calcareous Cheilostome
Cheilostome form with A special hydrostatic sac
that Helps the animal to push out Its zooid out
through the aperture
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You can see that The cheilostomata Have become
the Dominant group in recent Times This group
seems to have Decline at the Permian Boundary
just as many other Groups have but unlike
other Groups these have come Back stronger than
ever In the Cenozoic
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Although the graptolites have long been extinct
they appear To be very similar to a small modern
group called Pterobranchs-these have both free
floating and attached forms
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Terminology for describing The morphology of
dendroidgraptolites
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Most graptolites Are found Flattened but One of
our former Students was Able to develop A 3-D
picture By dissolving Away the Carbonate where
She found a much More complex Structure
than Previously observed
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A group of tuboids from cherts in Poland
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Terminology for Describing a graptoloid graptolite
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Evolution of shape Of graptoloid colonies From
Ord. To Sil. Number of branches and position of
the Branches change Through time
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Representative Lower Ordovician graptolites
Representative Upper Ord. graptolites
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Silurian graptolite faunas are not very
distinctive but they Carry a few of the
Ordovician genera but is dominated by New forms
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These are some of the exquisit Specimens that
Jenn Russell Was able to get out of Calcareous
concretions From Ellesmere Island- Remarkable in
the detail She could see and you can Clearly see
the relationship with The pterobranchs
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You Can clearly See some time Trends in This
work
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Although we dont really know what these
were They provide some of the best biostrat in
the Lower Paleozoic When Jennifer and another
student, Eugene MacDonald, used the graptolites
and radiolarians Together they were able to
enhance the quality Of data for both
groups-timing for the rads. From the graptolites
and a little bit more About paleoenvironment from
the rads since They are still abundant today.