Management of Plants

1
Management of Plants Soils for Sustainable
ProductionIn the Andean Region

• Penn State University
• Paul Backman, Plant Pathology
• Jonathan Lynch, Siela Maximova Mark Gultinan,
  Horticulture
• Graduate Students (degree program)
• Rachel Melnik (Ph.D., U.S.)
• Amelia Henry (Ph.D., U.S.)
• Raul Jaramillo (Ph.D., Ecuador)
• Danilo Vera M.S. (proposed trainee, Ecuador)

2
Sustainable Cacao Production

• Find Superior Cacao Lines
• Preference to Nacional types
• Develop Rooted Cuttings tissue culture
• Find Associated Beneficial Microflora
• Colonize Multiple Cacao lines
• Determine if disease resistance is enhanced

3
Maximova Guiltinan help to increase select
lines of cacao nacional germplasm by clonal
propogation--Rooting System in Pichilingue
4
SANREM--Ecuador

• Problem Need isolates that can be released in
  South America
• Collected 69 isolates (endospore- formers)
• Leaves
• Pods
• Stems
• Flower cushions

5
Growth Chamber Study Determines Beneficial
Micro-organisms, Growth Survival
6
Prescreening for Disease Suppression (black rot)
7
Frosty Pod an emerging problem for South American
cacao
8
AntibiosisStudies
9
Disease challenge in Ecuador
5 different superior cacao Nacional lines from
Ecuadors germplasm collection are being
evaluated with and without 5 different beneficial
Ecuadorian endophytes for suppression of witches
broom disease.
10
Sustainable Intercropping
11
Local Farmer in Bolivar Province utilizes
Canavalia to suppress nematodes and Beauvaria to
kill weevilsOrganic Marketing
12
Cacao Intercropping with plantain
Cacao planted alone had almost double the
severity of Witches broom
13
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14
Measures of Witches broom in cocoa
15
Population of Radopholus similis and Meloydogine
sp. in 100 g/roots of plantain from four planting
systems. Pichilingue, Ecuador, 2007.
16
Impact on Farmers

• Increase yield and decrease disease
• Decrease pesticide use and exposure
• Increase income to improve quality of life

17
Impacts on Environment

• Useful in a sustainable agroforestry system
• Reduce pesticide useage
• Cleaner water
• Flora and fauna
• Soil Retention

18
Cs-137 Analysis
19
Annual crop soils are more degraded
20
Natural Forests have the highest organic matter
content
21
Aluminum toxicity most severe in Alto
Guanujo pine higher than eucalyptus
22
Aluminum toxicity most severe in Alto
Guanujo pine higher than eucalyptus
23
Acknowledgements

• PSU Plant Path
• Paul Backman
• Anissa Demers
• JP Marelli
• Rachel Melnick
• PSU Hort.
• Jonathan Lynch
• Mark Guiltinan
• Sharon Pishak
• Siela Maximova
• Ann Young
• Raul Jaramillo
• Amelia Henry

USAID SANREM CRSP IPM CRSP ACRI USDA-ARS
SPCL USDA-ARS International Programs PSU
CAS Tag- Along Program PSU Plant Path. Travel
Award
USDA-ARS Bryan Bailey Eric Rosenquist Mary
Strem INIAP Carmen Suárez Danilo Vera