April 5, 2005

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History of Remote Sensing Part I
April 5, 2005 Dr. Tim Foresman International
Center for Remote Sensing Baltimore, Maryland
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• Origins of
• Aerial Photography,
• Non-Photographic Systems, and
• Space-borne Systems

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The term "photography" is derived from two Greek
words meaning "light" (phos) and "writing"
(graphien). In the early part of the 19th
century Daguerre created the first photographic
plate
Early Daguerrotype
1839
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History Records a New Era for Recording History
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No Hot Air Balloon Photographs Have Been Located
but known to have been used in US Civil War
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A self-portrait of Arthur Batut, his photographic
kite and Labruguiere, France from the air in
1889.
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G.R. Lawrence took several famous kite photos of
the devastation in San Francisco, California
right after the infamous 1906 earthquake that,
together with fire, destroyed most of the city
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The Bavarian Pigeon Corps (1903)
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Wilbur Wright was the pilot, and together with L.
P. Bonvillain on board, he acquired the first
remotely sensed image from an airplane in France
in 1908. The next year, the first aerial motion
pictures was recorded in Italy with another
photographer on board.
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Reconnaissance A Mainstay for the Military
Machine in World War I
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Annotated photo of military locations in France
during WW I, 1918.
Reconnaissance Graflex camera
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A U2 reconnaissance jet flying over Vandenberg
Air Force Base
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U2 Color Infrared photography(1947 Kodak) of San
Francisco
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ltlt 1897 First rocket photo 100 meters by Alfred
Nobel
600 meters gtgt reached by Alfred Maul's rocket
during a 1904
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1950 White Sands and Gulf of CA
V2 Rocket
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Sputnik, the world's first satellite, on October
4, 1957
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Corona Intelligence Satellite Reconnaissance -
first successful Corona flight on August 18,
1960, covered more than 1.65 million square miles
of Soviet territory and produced 3,000 feet of
film.
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Film recovery by airplane off coast
Corona launched at Vandenberg, CA
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Intelligence photos for monitoring military
activities
Regional and terrain analysis off Santa Barbara
coast
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Weather Satellite Orbiting Strategies
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TIROS-1 (10 satellites in this series were flown)
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April 1, 1960, TIROS 1 (Television and Infrared
Observation Satellite) begins era of
meteorological satellites
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Nimbus Satellite Diagram
Nimbus 1 Weather Map (Sept. 1964)
Nimbus 3 Image of Australia (1969)
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Launched on July 23, 1972. Carried the MSS
(MultiSpectral Scanner) which imaged the earth
from a 900 km altitude with green, red and two IR
spectral bands at 80m resolution. Originally
called ERTS 1 (Earth Resources Technology
Satellites) designed after the Nimbus 4
meteorological satellite. Landsat 1 had a
near-polar sun synchronous orbit and was also
equipped with a three-camera return beam vidicon
(RBV) system that could obtain visible and near
IR photographic images of the earth.
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Landsat Orbital Specifications
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1972
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1986
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1992
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Approximately 30 (3,562,800 sq km) of the
world's tropical forests are in Brazil. The
estimated average deforestation rate from 1978 to
1988 was 15,000 sq km per year. Systematic
cutting of the forest vegetation starts along
roads and then fans out to create the "feather"
or "fishbone" pattern shown in the eastern half
of the 1986 image. The deforested land and urban
areas appear in light blue healthy vegetation
appears red.
Brazilian rainforest 1975 to 1986 gtgt
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1975
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1986
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1992
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ltlt Lake Chad 1972 to 1987
Right on the edge of the world's largest, driest
desert the Sahara-- there lies a large
freshwater lake. Lake Chad borders four countries
in West Africa Nigeria, Niger, Chad, and
Cameroon. Lake Chad was once the sixth-largest
lake in the world, but persistent drought since
the 1960s shrank it to about a tenth its former
size
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1973
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1987
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1997
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Landsats 4, 5 (and 6) carried, in addition to the
MSS, a new instrument called the Thematic Mapper
gtgt
ltlt Landsat 7 with the Enhanced Thematic Mapper
(ETM) includes not only the 7 TM bands (the
thermal band 6 has 60 m resolution), but also a
panchromatic band that is capable of 15 m
resolution
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Landsat Earth Observation Continuity Program
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Sensors and Platforms Part II
April 5, 2005 Dr. Tim Foresman International
Center for Remote Sensing Baltimore, Maryland
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SPACEBORNE SENSORS 1. AMI -- Active Microwave
Instrument 2. ASTR-M -- Scanning Radiometer and
Sounder 3. CCCD -- Charge-Coupled Device
Camera 4. EOSP -- Earth Observing Scanning
Polarimeter 5. ERBI -- Earth Radiation Budget
Instrument 6. GLAS -- Geoscience Laser Altimeter
System 7. GLRS -- Geoscience Laser Ranging
System 8. GOES-IMAGER 9. GOES-SOUNDER 10.
GPS/MET 11. GOME -- Global Ozone Measuring
Equipment 12. HALOE -- Halogen Occultation
Experiment
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SPACEBORNE SENSORS continued- 13. IMG --
Interferometric Monitor for Greenhouse Gases 14.
JERS-OPS-- Japanese Earth Resources Satellite -
Optical Sensors 15. JERS-SAR -- Japanese Earth
Resources Satellite - Synthetic Aperture
Radar 16. LRR -- Laser Retro-Reflector 17. MOS
-- Multispectral Optoelectronic Scanner 18. OLS
-- Operational Line Scan Imaging System 19. PEM
-- Particle Environment Monitor 20. Radar
Altimeter 21. SASS- Seasat Scatterometer
System 22. SeaWinds 23. SOLSTICE-1 -- Solar
Stellar Irradiance Comparison Experiment I 24.
SSCC -- Spin Scan Cloud Camera 25. WorldView --
WorldView Sensor
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Airborne Sensors A1. AES -- Airborne Emission
Spectrometer A2. AHS -- Airborne Hyperspectral
Scanner A3. AIMR -- Airborne Imaging Microwave
Radiometer A4 AIRDAS -- Airborne Infrared
Disaster Assessment System A5. ALAS --Airborne
Laser Altimeter System A6. ALEX -- Airborne Lidar
Experiment A7. AOL -- Airborne Oceanographic
Lidar A8. ASAS -- Advanced Solid-State Array
Spectrometer A9. ATLAS -- Airborne Terrestrial
Applications Sensor A10. AVIRIS --Airborne
Visible and Infrared Imaging Spectrometer A11. CA
LS -- Cloud and Aerosol Lidar System A12. CAR --
Cloud Absorption Radiometer A13. CARABAS --
Coherent All Radio Band Sensing A14. CASI --
Compact Airborne Spectrographic Imager A15. CLS
-- Cloud Lidar System Instrument A16. ESTAR --
Electronically Steered Thinned Array Radiometer
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Airborne Sensors continued - A17. FLI --
Fluorescence Line Imager A18. HIS -- High
Resolution Interferometer Sounder A19. HONER --
Hemispherical Optimized Net-flux
Radiometer A20. IALFS -- Imaging Airborne Laser
Fluorosensor System A21. IMARC -- Imaging
Multifrequency Airborne Radar Complex A22. ISM
-- Infrared Imaging Spectrometer A23. LIP --
Lightning Instrument Package A24. LFS -- Laser
Fluorosensor A25. MAIS -- Modular Airborne
Imaging Spectrometer A26. MAMS -- Multispectral
Atmospheric Mapping Sensor A27. MARA -- Multimode
Airborne Radar Altimeter A28. MAS --MODIS
Airborne Simulator A29. MEIS -- Multi-detector
Electro-optical Imaging Sensor A30. MERES --
Multifrequency Radiometer for Remote Sensing of
the Sea Surface A31. MIR -- Millimeter-wave
Imaging Radiometer A32. MTS -- Multimeter-wave
Temperature Sounder
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Airborne Sensors continued A33. MUSIC --
Multispectral Infrared Camera A34. NUSCAT -- NASA
Ku-Band Scatterometer A35. OLS -- Oceanographic
Lidar System A36. PHARUS -- Phased Array
Universal Synthetic Aperture Radar A37. ROSIS --
Reflective Optics Systems Imaging
Spectrometer A38. ROWS -- Radar Ocean Wave
Spectrometer A39. R-TARAC-- Real Time Airborne
Radionuclide Analyzer and Collector A40. SFSI --
SWIR Full Spectrometer Imager A41. SMIFTS --
Spatially Modulated Imaging Fourier Transform
Spectrometer A42. SSTR -- Sea Surface
Temperature Radiometer A43. STAR-1 -- Sea-Ice and
Terrain Assessment Radar A44. TIMS -- Thermal
Infrared Multispectral Scanner A45. TMS --
Thematic Mapper Simulator A46. TSCC --
Translinear Scanning CCD Camera A47. VIRL --
Visible and Near Infrared Lidar A48. WIS -- Wedge
imaging Spectrometer A49. WTVC -- Wavelength
Tunable Video Camera
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Earth-Sun System ScienceSpacecraft
andSpacecraft Transitions

• Applied Sciences Program
• NASA Science Mission Directorate

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NASA Earth-Sun Research Spacecraft
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Transition of Weather Research
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Terra, Aqua to NPP to NPOESS
NPP (2006) CrIS/ATMS VIIRS OMPS
Coriolis (2003) WindSat
Aqua (2002) AIRS, AMSU MODIS
METOP (2005) IASI/AMSU/MHS AVHRR
NPOESS (2009) CrIS/ATMS, VIIRS, CMIS, OMPS
ERBS
Use of Advanced Sounder Data for Improved Weather
Forecasting Numerical Weather Prediction
NOAA Real-Time Data Delivery Timeline Ground
Station Scenario
NWS/NCEP GSFC/DAO ECMWF UKMO FNMOC Meteo-France BM
RC-Australia Met Serv Canada
NOAA Real-time User
NWP Forecasts
IDPS
C3S
Joint Center for Satellite Data Assimilation
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Next Generation Missions
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Research Systems to Operational Systems
Imaging and Sounding
SeaWiFS
Terra
Aqua
NPOESS
NPP
Solar Irradiance, Ozone, and Aerosols
In operation
ACRIMsat
SORCE
Glory
NPOESS
Under Development
SAGE III
AURA
NPOESS
NPP
In Formulation
Observation
Atmospheric Composition
Tech Development
UARS
AURA
TBD
Ocean Surface Topography
Jason
OSTM
NOAA/EUMETSAT
Canceled flight mission gleaning technology
for GOES-R
Land Cover/Land Use Change
Landsat 7
Operational NPOESS
LDCM
GIFTS
GOES
Tech
Tropo Winds
TBD
Data Assim
Short-term Prediction Research and Transition
Center
NWS
NASA NOAA jointly funding NRC studies on
improving transition
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Earth Observation System A-TrainAerosol/Clouds/R
adiation
thick clouds drizzle
aerosol profiles, cloud tops
polarization, multi-angle
CERES TOA fluxes MODIS cloud re, t AMSR LWP
O2 A-band
OMI absorbing aerosol
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Sun-Earth Connection Missions Supporting Future
Exploration
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www.r-s-c-c.org
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Thank You