Higher Paper 2

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Higher Paper 2

• The Skills
• A Way Forward

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Significance of Paper 2

• Paper 2 lasts 1 hour 25 minutes.
• Paper 2 counts for 30 out of the 110 marks for
  the external assessment.
• Paper 2 will have 5 primary and/or secondary
  sources and 5 questions.

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Typical format of questions

• 1.    How useful / accurate / reliable is the
  source?
• 2.  Comparing sources
• 3.  How typical is the point of view expressed
  in the source?
• 4.   How fully does one source explain a
  development, event or point of view?
• 5. How fully do three sources explain a
  development, event or point of view?

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Type 1 Evaluating the usefulness / value /
reliability of a source

• How useful is source A in explaining ?
• How well does source A illustrate the development
  of ?
• Assess the value of source A as historical
  evidence.
• NB. Different wording but testing same skill of
  evaluating the origin, purpose and content of
  source in context.

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Source A is a report by the heads of the three
armed services on their ability to fight a war
against Germany in 1936
This is an extract only

• In view of the gravity of the position resulting
  from the German occupation of the Demilitarised
  Zone, we met on the 12 March 1936, without
  instructions but with the knowledge and approval
  of the Prime Minister, to examine the military
  aspects of the situation.

Topic of Question?
Task of Question?
Q. How reliable is Source A as evidence of
Britains weak military position in 1936? (5)
Significance?
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Structure of your answer

• 1. Introduce your answer by considering the
  context in which the source was produced
  remilitarisation of the Rhineland.
•  
• 2. Discuss who made the speech, when it was made
  and what was its purpose how do these affect
  its usefulness? (origins purpose) i. e.
  provenance of source
• Recall here can include further details about
  the author, purpose, etc.

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• 3. Consider content of the source what points
  are being made? Use own words but can use short
  quotes. Is it accurate, is it biased?
• Bring in some of your knowledge to support or
  argue against information in the source. How
  does the sources accuracy affect its
  usefulness? (content)
• 5. You must conclude your answer by commenting
  on the usefulness. One or two sentences can
  serve as a conclusion.

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Consistency (with other evidence) ?

• Points I must consider
• (From source from recall)
• Author
• Date
• Purpose
• nature of document
• Content

Exaggeration?
Authority on Informed as to
1936 at time of
Recall (own knowledge)
Accuracy?
To supply accurate confidential info. to
Recognition of policy of appeasement
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Type 2 Comparing Sources

• Questions comparing sources include
• Compare the views in Sources A and B about
• Compare the attitudes towards the reoccupation of
  the Rhineland expressed in Sources B and C.
• In what ways and for what reasons so Sources C
  and D differ over ?
• Explain why Sources C and D differ about
• i.e. different wording same skill - comparison

These two ask for reasons for differences
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Source A is from a speech by Hugh Dalton, a
leading member of the Labour Opposition, in
Parliament, 20 March 1936

• It is only right to say bluntly and frankly that
  public opinion in this country would not support
  and certainly the Labour Party would not support,
  the taking of military sanctions or even economic
  sanctions against Germany at this time Public
  opinion here does, I think, draw a clear
  distinction between the actions of Signor
  Mussolini in resorting to aggressive war and
  waging it beyond his frontiers and the actions,
  up-to-date at any rate of Herr Hitler, which,
  much as we may regard them as reprehensible, have
  taken place within the frontiers of the German
  Reich

Topic of Question?
Attitude means the way a person views something
or tends to behave towards it
Task of Question?
Q. Explain the different attitude towards the
Rhineland crisis expressed in Sources A and B.
(5)
Context?
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Source B is from an article by Harold Macmillan,
a Conservative MP, on the same problem in The
Star newspaper, 20th March 1936.
This is the tragic feature of the present crisis.
There will be no war now. But unless a
settlement is made now a settlement that can
only be made bay a vigorous lead from this
country there will be a war in 1940 or
1941.   And unless there is a new European system
built now a system of Peace, the acid test of
which is the principle of declared armaments,
internationally inspected and supervised, based
upon agreements upon territorial and economic
questions we shall have a period of frantic
rearmament, with intense jealousy and rivalry,
which will inevitably lead to war.   For we must
face these issues now. If Germany is sincere in
her protestations about Peace, let us build the
new Peace system now. If she refuses reasonable
terms of accommodation, and is proved to be
insincere, let us coerce her now. whilst she is
relatively weak instead of waiting until 1940
or 1941, when she will be immensely strong.
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Structure of your answer

• 1. Introduce your answer by considering the
  context in which the source was produced
  remilitarisation of the Rhineland.
• Outline the attitude in each source using own
  words
• Discuss main differences in sources. If Q asks
  you to explain the difference you should consider
  provenance of each reasons for different
  opinions.
• Conclude by highlighting key differences and, if
  necessary, reasons for differences.

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• Points I must consider
• Context
• Do I need to explain differences?
• Put into own words

1936 at time of
99 of time YES
Recall (own knowledge)
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Source A is from a speech by Hugh Dalton, a
leading member of the Labour Opposition, in
Parliament, 20 March 1936
Pacifist
It is only right to say bluntly and frankly that
public opinion in this country would not support
and certainly the Labour Party would not support,
the taking of military sanctions or even economic
sanctions against Germany at this time Public
opinion here does, I think, draw a clear
distinction between the actions of Signor
Mussolini in resorting to aggressive war and
waging it beyond his frontiers and the actions,
up-to-date at any rate of Herr Hitler, which,
much as we may regard them as reprehensible, have
taken place within the frontiers of the German
Reich
What is Hugh Daltons attitude towards Germany
the remilitarisation of the Rhineland?
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Source B is from an article by Harold Macmillan,
a Conservative MP, on the same problem in The
Star newspaper, 20th March 1936.
This is the tragic feature of the present crisis.
There will be no war now. But unless a
settlement is made now a settlement that can
only be made bay a vigorous lead from this
country there will be a war in 1940 or
1941.   And unless there is a new European system
built now a system of Peace, the acid test of
which is the principle of declared armaments,
internationally inspected and supervised, based
upon agreements upon territorial and economic
questions we shall have a period of frantic
rearmament, with intense jealousy and rivalry,
which will inevitably lead to war.   For we must
face these issues now. If Germany is sincere in
her protestations about Peace, let us build the
new Peace system now. If she refuses reasonable
terms of accommodation, and is proved to be
insincere, let us coerce her now. whilst she is
relatively weak instead of waiting until 1940
or 1941, when she will be immensely strong.
What is Harold Macmillans attitude towards
Germany the remilitarisation of the Rhineland?
Germanys actions not acceptable do something
now
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Type 3 How typical is the point of view?
How fully does source C explain How widely held
were the views expressed in source C about
? How typical were the views in source C of
attitudes in Britain towards ? How much support
was there at the time for the views expressed in
source C?
Focus understanding the source and context
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Source A is from a speech by Hugh Dalton, a
leading member of the Labour Opposition, in
Parliament, 20 March 1936
It is only right to say bluntly and frankly that
public opinion in this country would not support
and certainly the Labour Party would not support,
the taking of military sanctions or even economic
sanctions against Germany at this time Public
opinion here does, I think, draw a clear
distinction between the actions of Signor
Mussolini in resorting to aggressive war and
waging it beyond his frontiers and the actions,
up-to-date at any rate of Herr Hitler, which,
much as we may regard them as reprehensible, have
taken place within the frontiers of the German
Reich
Q. How well did Hugh Dalton, in source A, reflect
public opinion at the time? (6)
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Structure of your answer

1. Identify point of view expressed in source and
   the context of the source.

Reoccupation of the Rhineland
2. Use your own knowledge to refer to other
opinions similar to those in source A. 3. Use
your own knowledge to refer to any different
opinions to those in source A. 4. Conclude your
answer by summing up the extent to which the
attitudes in source A reflect opinion at that
time.
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Source A is from a speech by Hugh Dalton, a
leading member of the Labour Opposition, in
Parliament, 20 March 1936
Reoccupation of the Rhineland
2 weeks later
It is only right to say bluntly and frankly that
public opinion in this country would not support
and certainly the Labour Party would not support,
the taking of military sanctions or even economic
sanctions against Germany at this time Public
opinion here does, I think, draw a clear
distinction between the actions of Signor
Mussolini in resorting to aggressive war and
waging it beyond his frontiers and the actions,
up-to-date at any rate of Herr Hitler, which,
much as we may regard them as reprehensible, have
taken place within the frontiers of the German
Reich
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Contemporary Viewpoints

• Support
• Lord Lothian
• they are only going into their back garden.
• Public Opinion
• 1933 East Fulham by-election result
• Oxford debate
• Labour pacifist

• Alternative
• Harold Macmillan MP
• Stronger stand
• Feared future war
• Minority view
• Daily Telegraph only newspaper to support
  Macmillan.
• Churchill
• anti-appeasement

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Type 4 How fully does one source explain a
development, event or point of view?
How well does source A explain ? How fully does
source B explain ? In what ways does source C
justify ? To what extent does source D explain
? How far do you accept the explanation in
source E for ?
Focus Ability to interpret and give balanced
evaluation of a source. Requires recalled
knowledge.
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Source A is from a speech by Neville Chamberlain
in the House of Commons, 5th October 1938.
This is an extract only
In my view the strongest force of all, one which
grew and took fresh shapes and forms everyday was
the force not of any one individual, but was that
unmistakeable sense of unanimity among the
peoples of the world that war must somehow be
averted. The peoples of the British Empire were
at one with those of Germany, of France, and of
Italy, and their anxiety, their intense desire
for peace, pervaded the whole atmosphere of the
conference, and I believe that that, and not
threats, made possible the concessions that were
made.
Task of Question?
Topic of Question?
Q. How well does source A explain British
government policy during the Munich crisis of
1938? (6)
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Structure of your answer

• Give brief description
• of context

Munich Crisis of 1938
2. Discuss Chamberlains explanation in source
A. 3. Discuss other motives behind British
government policy during the Munich
crisis. 4. Conclude your answer by summing up the
extent to which you accept the explanation given
in source A.
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Source A is from a speech by Neville Chamberlain
in the House of Commons, 5th October 1938.
?
?
In my view the strongest force of all, one which
grew and took fresh shapes and forms everyday was
the force not of any one individual, but was that
unmistakeable sense of unanimity among the
peoples of the world that war must somehow be
averted. The peoples of the British Empire were
at one with those of Germany, of France, and of
Italy, and their anxiety, their intense desire
for peace, pervaded the whole atmosphere of the
conference, and I believe that that, and not
threats, made possible the concessions that were
made.
Alternative points of view?
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Type 5 How fully do three sources explain a
development, event or point of view?

• To what extent do sources E, D and F illustrate
  the changing attitudes of the British government
  towards Germany in the 1930s?
• How fully do sources A, D and E explain why the
  British followed a policy of appeasement?

Notice broader sweep of questions

• 8 mark question tests wide range of skills
• Interpreting sources
• Source comparison
• Setting sources in wider context
• Recalling knowledge
• Making balanced evaluation of sources

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Task of Question?
Topic of Question?
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Structure of your answer

1. Set sources in context

Spanish Civil War

1. Discuss the ways in which each source explains
   the policy of the British government.
2. Using recalled knowledge discuss other
   explanations not given in the sources, for
   example, British publics fear of war.

Who would support Britain?
Give good explanation but not all reasons given
Not in position to fight war in military terms
lack of funding
Devastation would be worse due to aerial combat
Guernica?
4. Conclude by directly answering the question
whether or not the sources fully explain British
Government policy.