Understanding and Installing Hard Drives

1
Chapter 8

• Understanding and Installing Hard Drives

2
You Will Learn

• About hard drive technologies
• How communication with hard drive BIOS is
  accomplished
• How a hard drive is logically organized to hold
  data
• How to install a hard drive
• How to solve hard drive installation problems

3
Hard Drive Technologies

• How the hard drive reads and writes data to the
  drive
• How the hard drive interfaces with the system

306
4
Types of Hard Drive Interfaces

• EIDE (Enhanced Integrated Device Electronics)
  interface standard
• Used by most hard drives
• Applies to other drives besides hard drives
• (cd-rom, zip, tape)
• Complex method of organizing tracks and sectors
  on the disks
• Other interface standards

IDE (Integrated Device Electronics)
5
EIDE Standards

• Define how hard drives and other drives relate to
  the system
• Drives other than hard drives can use EIDE
  interface if they follow the ATAPI (Advanced
  Technology Attachment Packet Interface)
• Specify data transfer speed more than any other
  single factor

306
6
ANSI Interface Standards
Most popular
Supports older standards
7
Cabling method

• 80 IDE cable ATA/100 and above
• Parallel ATA (PATA)
• Serial ATA (SATA) narrower for fewer pins

307
8
EIDE Standards

• Support two IDE connections, a primary and a
  secondary
• Each connection can support up to two IDE devices
  for a total of four devices on a system
• Possible configurations (set by jumpers or DIP)
• Primary IDE channel, master device
• Primary IDE channel, slave device
• Secondary IDE channel, master device
• Secondary IDE channel, slave device

Hard Drive always set to master
308
9
Motherboard with Two IDE Connectors
309
10
Other Interface Standards

• IDE - slowest
• SCSI mid range
• Second most popular interface
• IEEE 1394 (FireWire and i.Link) - fastest
• Uses serial transmission of data
• Popular for multimedia and home entertainment
• Fibre Channel
• For high-end systems with multiple hard drives
• Can be faster than SCSI, but expensive

11
Example of IEEE 1394
309
12
How Hard Drives Work

• One, two, or more platters are stacked together
  and spin in unison
• Read/write heads
• Controlled by an actuator
• Move in unison across disk surfaces as disks
  rotate on a spindle
• Require a hard drive controller permanently
  attached to drive

310
13
A Hard Drive with Four Platters

• Head each side or surface
• Write from outside in

14
IDE Technology

• Used by almost all hard drives
• Use a varying number of sectors for each
  cylinder, depending on how close the cylinder is
  to the outer edge

312
15
Hardware Subsystem Including an IDE Hard Drive
16
Tracks and Sectorson an IDE Drive

• Older MFM and RLL technologies use
  straightforward method of writing tracks and
  sectors
• Number of bytes per track is determined by the
  centermost track
• Same of bytes on the outside track as inside
  track
• Makes for formatting simpler but wastes space
• IDE drives use zone bit recording
• of sectors per track is not the same throughout
  platter
• Eliminates the restrictions

312
17
Tracks and Sectors
313
18
Low-Level Formatting

• Tracks and sector markings are written on the
  hard drive at the factory
• IDE drives cannot be low-level formatted as part
  of preventive maintenance
• OS does high-level formatting by executing
  remainder of the format process (creating boot
  sector, FAT, and root directory)

Disposable drive?
313 paragraph 314 tip
19
Hard Drive Manufacturers
313
20
Communicating withthe Hard Drive BIOS

• With IDE drives, system BIOS and OS communicate
  with hard drive controller BIOS only hard drive
  controller BIOS deals with physically locating
  data on the drive

314
21
Calculating Drive Capacity on Older Drives

• cylinders (tracks) x heads x sectors N
• Divide N by 1,024 to convert to KB, then by
  1,024 again to convert to MB

315 tip
22
Adjusting for More Complex Hard Drive Organization

• CHS (cylinder, head, sector) mode or normal mode
  used for drives less than 528 MB
• Large mode or ECHS (extended CHS) used for drives
  between 504 MB and 8.4 GB
• LBA (logical block addressing) mode used for
  drives larger than 504 MB
• OS and software can bypass system BIOS and
  communicate directly with the controller BIOS
  using device drivers

316 317 tip
23
Install large capacity driveon PC Using Legacy
BIOS

• Let the BIOS see the drive as a smaller drive
• Upgrade the BIOS (best solution)
• Upgrade the entire motherboard
• Use software that interfaces between the older
  BIOS and the large-capacity drive
• Use an adapter card that provides the BIOS to
  substitute for system BIOS

317
24
How a Hard Drive Is Logically Organized to Hold
Data

• Drive must have track and sector markings written
  on it
• A file system must be installed
• Files needed to boot the PC must be copied to the
  root directory of the drive

318
25
Steps to Prepare a Hard Drive to Hold Files

• Low-level format
• Partitioning the hard drive
• High-level format

26
Hard Drive Partitions and Logical Drives
27
Hard Drive Partition Table in the MBR
28
Hard Drive Partitions and Logical Drives

• Partition table is exactly 512 bytes long,
  occupying one sector
• Active partition
• Partition of the hard drive used to boot the OS
• Contains only a single logical drive (drive C)
• Always the first partition on the drive

29
Hard Drive with 3 Logical Drives
30
Choice of File Systems

• FAT16
• Virtual File Allocation (VFAT)
• FAT32
• NTFS (New Technology file system)

31
How Many Logical Drives

• Use multiple logical drives to optimize space and
  access time to the drive
• The larger the drive, the larger the cluster
  size, and the more slack or wasted space
• Goal is to use as few logical drives as possible
  and still keep cluster size to a minimum
• Use Fdisk, Diskpart, or Disk Management to create
  logical drives

32
Size of Some Logical Drives
33
When to Partition a Drive

• When you first install a new hard drive
• If an existing hard drive is giving errors
• If you suspect a virus has attacked the drive
• To wipe hard drive clean and install a new OS

34
During Formatting

• OS format for each logical drive creates
• OS boot record
• FAT
• Root directory

35
Complete Record Layout for the Boot Record
36
Disk Type and Descriptor Byte
37
Installing a Hard Drive

• Set jumpers/DIP switches on drive physically
  install drive inside case attach power cord and
  data cable
• Inform CMOS setup of new drive, or verify that
  autodetect correctly detected the drive
• Use Fdisk to create partition(s) on the drive and
  divide extended partition into logical drives
• Use Format command to high-level format each
  logical drive
• Install the OS and other software

38
Prepare for Installation

• Keep notes
• Have a good bootable disk or Windows 9x rescue
  disk available
• Read documentation
• Plan drive configuration
• Prepare work area and take precautions

39
Prepare for Installation
40
Set Jumpers and DIP Switches
41
Set Jumpers and DIP Switches
42
Set Jumpers and DIP Switches
43
Mount the Drive in the Bay
44
Mount the Drive in the Bay
45
Mount the Drive in the Bay
46
Mount the Drive in the Bay
47
Mount the Drive in the Bay
48
Mount the Drive in the Bay
49
Mount the Drive in the Bay
50
If the Bay Is Too Large
51
Use CMOS Setup to Change Hard Drive Settings
52
Setup for Large-CapacityHard Drives
53
Setup for Large-CapacityHard Drives
54
Setup for Large-CapacityHard Drives
55
Use Fdisk to Partition a Drive
56
Use Fdisk to Partition a Drive
57
Use Fdisk to Partition a Drive
58
Format Each Logical Drive

• Use these commands
• Format C/S
• Format D
• Format E

59
Using Windows to Partition and Format a New Drive

• Boot from Windows setup CD and follow directions
  on the screen to install Windows on the new drive
• Setup process partitions and formats the new
  drive before it begins Windows installation

60
Troubleshooting Hard Drive Installations

• Does system BIOS recognize large drives? Check
  CMOS setup.
• Does the manual state that you must first do a
  low-level format or run Disk Manager?
• Has Fdisk utility been successfully run?
• Format C/S is the last required format step.
  Has this been done?

continued
61
Troubleshooting Hard Drive Installations

• Has CMOS setup been correctly configured?
• Any DIP switches or jumpers that must be set?
• Power cord and data cable properly connected?
• Check Web site of drive manufacturer for
  suggestions

62
Chapter Summary

• Logical organization of a hard drive
• Physical characteristics of a hard drive
• How the OS and BIOS communicate with the hard
  drive
• How to install a hard drive
• Troubleshooting hard drive problems during or
  immediately after installation