References and Bibliography

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References and Bibliography
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Learning Outcomes

• Understand the reason for full and correct
  citation of sources in your written work
• Be aware of the problems associated with
  plagiarism
• Be fully conversant with bibliography structure
  and the Harvard referencing system

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Lecture Outline

• Introduction
• Quotations why use them?
• Paraphrasing
• Acknowledging the work of others
• Harvard system

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Introduction

• If citing a reference or paraphrasing an idea in
  a piece of academic writing, you must acknowledge
  your source and give full details of the reference

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Quotations

• Why use them?
• To express a thought or concept succinctly
• To illustrate a point you want to make
• To convey the flavour of a work
• To analyse in depth the exact words of an author

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Paraphrasing

• When you paraphrase, you re-express another
  persons thoughts in your own words and
  acknowledge their source. You plagiarise if you
  take someone elses words or thoughts and present
  them as your own

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Acknowledging the work of others

• Inclusion of bibliography
• Inclusion of list of references
• Seek verification

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Plagiarism

• Plagiarism is using the work of others without
  acknowledging your source of information or
  inspiration. This includes
• using words more or less exactly as they have
  been used in articles, lectures, www, books or
  anywhere else
• using other peoples ideas or theories without
  saying whose ideas they are
• paraphrasing what you read without stating where
  it comes from

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How to avoid plagiarism

• Write all your notes in your own words
• Note down exactly where you read the information
  you put in your notes
• In your assignment, write out where ideas and
  information come from
• reference your work
• make clear when you are using a direct quotation
• write a full list of references bibliography

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Definitions

• A reference is necessary to acknowledge a piece
  of writing by another author that has been
  referred to or quoted directly

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Definitions

• A bibliography is a list of literature on a given
  subject which, in the case of an essay or report,
  means an alphabetical list of books and journal
  articles which were read and found relevant to it

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Citations Systems

• The Harvard system
• The American Psychological Association (APA)
  System
• The Vancouver or footnotes system

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Four points to remember

• Credit must be given when quoting or citing other
  work
• Adequate information must be provided to enable a
  reader to locate each reference
• References must be consistent and complete
• References must be recorded in the precise formet
  required by your university

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• Some Practical Examples