Bacteria: general characteristics, taxonomy, and phylogeny

1
Announcement for MGY377H1

• Prerequisite BCH210H1 or BCH242Y1, and BIO250Y1
• If you have not taken the above courses, please
  come to see me. If you are taking the above
  courses concurrently, you maybe allowed to enroll
  this course please come to see me.

2
Announcement for MGY378 (not MGY377)

• Message from Dr. Alan Cochrane (course
  coordinator of MGY378) BIO351Y is an exclusion
  for MGY378. Students who have taken BIO351 or are
  taking BIO351 can not get credit for MGY378.

3
MICROBIOLOGY (MGY377H1 F)

• Instructors
• Dr. J. Liu
• (Coordinator)
• Dr. J. Brumell
• Dr. A. Savchenko
• Dr. W. Navarre
• Time Monday, Wednesday, Friday 1200
• Location Medical Science Building 3154
• MID TERM EXAMINATION 40 (Multiple choice
  questions)
• FINAL EXAMINATION 60 (Multiple choice questions)
• Final Examination in Fall courses Dec. 9-20.
• Textbook Madigan et al. Eds. Brock Biology of
  Microorganisms 12th edition.
• Office hour (Dr. Liu) 2-4 pm , Thursday, MSB
  4382

4
Course website http//lambda.med.utoronto.ca/mgy
377/ username mgy377 password bugisfun
5
Introduction of Microbiology (Reading
requirement Chapters 1 and 2, Brocks)

• Microbiology study of microorganisms
• Bacteriology study of bacteria
• Virology study of viruses
• Why study microorganisms?
• Human diseases
• Agriculture, food
• Environment
• Biotechnology

6
(No Transcript)
7
(No Transcript)
8
Infectious diseases were the biggest killers
9
Infectious diseases still remains as a major
cause of death
10
(No Transcript)
11
(No Transcript)
12
(No Transcript)
13
New challenges/threats

• Drug resistance and re-emerging infectious
  diseases
• Newly emerging infectious diseases

14
(No Transcript)
15
(No Transcript)
16
(No Transcript)
17
(No Transcript)
18
2003 SARS 2000 West Nile virus
19
Global burden of emerging and re-emerging
infectious diseases
20
Nature 430 July 8, 2004
21
Bacteria vs. Viruses

• Bacteria microscopic, cellular organisms, single
  cells or cell clusters
• Viruses microscopic, not cellular

22
Cells
23
Cells
24
Cells
25
Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes

• Prokaryotes (prokaryotic cells) cells that lack
  a true membrane-enclosed nucleus. Bacteria and
  Archaea (Archaeobacteria) are prokaryotes and
  have their genetic materials located in a
  nucleoid.
• Eukaryotes (eukaryotic cells) cells that have a
  membrane-enclosed nucleus and differ in many
  other ways from prokaryotic cells. Algae, fungi,
  protozoa, plants and animals are all eukaryotes.

26
Eukaryotes
Prokaryotes
27
Structure of Nucleus
28
Prokaryotes
Eukaryotes
29
Prokaryotes vs. Eukaryotes
30
Prokaryotes vs. Eukaryotes

• Eukaryotic cells have a variety of complex
  membranous organelles in the cytoplasmic matrix
  and their genetic materials within membrane-bound
  nuclei. Each organelle has a distinctive
  structure directly related to specific functions.
  In contrast, the cytoplasmic matrix of
  prokaryotic typically contains constitutes that
  are not membrane-enclosed, e.g., ribosomes and
  nucleoid. Biochemical processes that normally
  occur in a chloroplast or mitochondria of
  eukaryotes will take place in the cytoplasm of
  prokaryotes. Prokaryotes are simpler functionally
  than eukaryotes in several ways they lack
  mitosis and meiosis and are not capable of
  phagocytosis and intracellular digestion.

31
Bacterial cells-general characteristics

• Nucleoid
• Single chromosome (exception Rhodobacter
  sphaeroides has 2 chromosomes)
• No nuclear membrane
• No histones
• DNA may also be present on extra-chromosomal
  elements known as plasmids

32
(No Transcript)
33
Plasmid as a cloning vector
34
Bacterial cells-general characteristics

• Cell envelope
• Cytoplasmic (plasma membrane)
• Cell wall
• Capsule (may be present or absent)

35
(No Transcript)
36
Bacterial cells-general characteristics

• Flagella
• May be present or absent
• Long, thin appendages
• Bacterial movement
• Fimbriae (pili)
• May be present or absent
• Short, hair-like appendages
• Bacterial attachment

37
Flagella
Pili
38
Bacterial cells-general characteristics

• Shape and size
• Vary
• Coccus (roughly spherical) e.g., Streptococcus
• Rod e.g., Bacillus subtilis
• Spirullum
• Spirochete

39
(No Transcript)
40
(No Transcript)
41
(No Transcript)
42
(No Transcript)
43
(No Transcript)
44
(No Transcript)