Title: Higher Order Thinking Skills in The Classroom
1Higher Order Thinking Skills in The Classroom
(H.O.T. Skills)
- Blooms Taxonomy
- Hosted by
- Begona Farwell, Susan Grandle, Susan Kreger and
Eva Navarro
2What is higher order thinking?
- Higher order thinking essentially means thinking
that takes place in the higher-levels of the
hierarchy of cognitive processing.
3The Griney Grollers Thinking Skills Test
- The griney
- grollers
- grandled in the
- granchy gak.
4The griney grollers grangled in the granchy gak.
- What kind of grollers were they?
- What did the grollers do?
- Where did they do it?
- In what kind of gak did they grangle?
5The griney grollers grangled in the granchy
gak. The griney grollers grangled in the
granchy gak.
- 5) Place one line under the subject and two
lines under the verb. - In one sentence, explain why the grollers were
grangling in the granchy gak. Be prepared to
justify your answer with facts. - If you had to grangle in a granchy gak, what one
item would you choose to have with you and why?
6Why Higher Level Thinking is Important
- In addition to content (the what of students
learning and achievement) we also need to be
concerned with students thinking skills or
mental processes( the how in learning). - Thinking provides the software for the mind.
- Higher level thinking allows students memory to
be used effectively. -
- Planning for Productive Thinking and Learning by
Treffinger and Feldhusen, 1998,p.24
7Need for Problem Solving Ability
- Because the pace of societal change shows no
signs of slackening, citizens of the 21st century
must become adept problem solvers, able to
wrestle with ill-defined problems and win.
Problem-solving ability is the cognitive passport
of the future - (Martinez, 1998).
8Need for Problem Solving Ability
- Thinking analytically is a skill like carpentry
or driving a car. It can be taught, it can be
learned, and it can improve with practice. But
like many other skills, such as riding a bike, it
is not learned by sitting in a classroom and
being told how to do it. - http//www.cia.gov/csi/books/19104/art4.html
9Theory
- Critical thinking theory finds its roots
primarily in the works of Benjamin Bloom as he
classified learning behaviors in the cognitive
domain. Â Bloom (1956) developed a taxonomy of
learning objectives for teachers which he
clarified and expounded upon over the course of
approximately two decades. His ideas continue to
be widely accepted and taught in teacher
education programs throughout the United States.
10Six Levels of Blooms Taxonomy
- Knowledge
- Comprehension
- Application
- Analysis
- 5. Synthesis
- 6. Evaluation
11Blooms Taxonomy
- Bloom classifies learning behaviors according to
six levels ranging from Knowledge, which
focuses upon recitation of facts, to Evaluation,
which requires complex valuing and weighing of
information. Each level relates to a higher
level of cognitive ability. - This taxonomy is useful in designing questions,
lessons, tasks for students. Bloom found that
95 of test questions focused on the lowest
levelthe recall of information.
12 Question Levels
- Critical thinking may be thought of in terms of
convergent and divergent questioning (Guilford
1956, Gallegher and Aschner 1963, and Wilen
1985). Â Convergent questions seek to ascertain
basic knowledge and understanding. Â Divergent
questions require students to process information
creatively. Â Convergent questions tend to align
with the first three levels of Blooms Taxonomy of
Learning Objectives while divergent questions
relate to the latter three levels.Â
13Applying Blooms Taxonomy
- Level Knowledge
- Materials/Situations Events, people, newspapers,
magazine articles, definitions, videos, dramas,
textbooks, films, television programs,
recordings, media presentations - Measurable Behaviors Define, describe memorize,
label, recognize, name, draw, state, identify,
select, write, locate, recite
14Applying Blooms Taxonomy
- Level Comprehension
- Materials/Situations Speech, story, drama,
cartoon, diagram, graph, summary, outline,
analogy, poster, bulletin board - Measurable Behaviors Summarize, restate,
paraphrase, illustrate, match, explain, defend,
relate, infer, compare, contrast, generalize
15Applying Blooms Taxonomy
- Level Application
- Materials/Situations Diagram, sculpture,
illustration, dramatization, forecast, problem,
puzzle, organizations, classifications, rules,
systems, routines - Measurable Behaviors Apply, change, put
together, construct, discover, produce, make,
report, sketch, solve, show, collect, prepare
16Applying Blooms Taxonomy
- Level Analysis
- Materials/Situations Survey, questionnaire, an
argument, a model, displays, demonstrations,
diagrams, systems, conclusions, report, graphed
information - Measurable Behaviors Examine, classify,
categorize, research, contrast, compare,
disassemble, differentiate, separate,
investigate, subdivide
17Applying Blooms Taxonomy
- Level Synthesis
- Materials/Situations Experiment, game, song,
report, poem, prose, speculation, creation, art,
invention, drama, rules - Measurable Behaviors Combine, hypothesize,
construct, originate, create, design, formulate,
role-play, develop
18Applying Blooms Taxonomy
- Level Evaluation
- Materials/Situations Recommendations,
self-evaluations, group discussions, debate,
court trial, standards, editorials, values - Measurable Behaviors Compare, recommend, assess,
value, apprise, solve,criticize, weigh, consider,
debate
19Steps to Constructing a Mini-Center Using The
Engine-Uity Process
- Select a topic
- Brainstorm 6 concepts related to the topic
- Using a grid select a verb from Blooms Taxonomy
for each level, one of the concepts, and a
product for each task - Translate grid into complete sentences.
20Example of Grid-Comprehension Level
21Example Mini-Center Comprehension Level Task
- Draw a map with a legend identifying
the current range and population of the
mountain lion.
22What is Critical Thinking?
- This involves using your own knowledge or point
of view to decide if something is right or wrong
about someone elses ideas.
http//www.cdl.org/resources/reading_room/print/ho
t_and_successful.html
23CRITICAL THINKING SKILLS
- Inductive thinking
- Deductive thinking
- Determining reality and fantasy
- Determining benefits and drawbacks
24CRITICAL THINKING SKILLS
- Identifying value statements
- Identifying points of view
- Determining bias
- Identifying fact and opinion
25CRITICAL THINKING SKILLS
- Determining the accuracy of presented information
- Judging essential and incidental evidence
- Determining relevance
26Looking For Evidence Of Critical Thinking
- You may be a critical thinking teacher if...
- Learners are active and in a continuous dialogue
with teacher - Learning is constructing, not feeding
- Truth is discovered, not delivered
- Teacher "leads from behind"
- Teacher functions as a facilitator/mentor instead
of lecturer - Questions are answered with explanations or
questions, not simply "yes" or "no"
27Looking for Evidence of Critical Thinking
- Pertinent discussions on related issues often
break out - Debate is common
- Peers exchange ideas
- Learner and teacher satisfaction increases
- "Rabbit chasing" becomes an art - explore related
issues, yet remain on task - Teachers often face questions for which they have
no answers - Social interaction and acceptance in the class is
generally high
28 Personal Check-up
- Answer the following questions
- Are your teaching objectives, activities, and
assessments are tied to higher level behavioral
verbs? - Do all learners have the opportunity to interact
with you and others? - Do you allow time in your course for debating?
- Do your learners have to use inductive and
deductive strategies? - Do you find yourself using "shock" statements and
questions to get learners' minds running?
29Personal Check-up
- If you could say "yes" to most of these
questions, critical thinking is probably
happening in your classroom.
30Bibliography
- http//www.lgc.peachnet.edu/academic/educatn/Bloom
s/critical_thinking.htm - http//www.bena.com/ewinters/Bloom.html
- Planning for Productive Thinking and Learning by
Treffinger and Feldhusen, 1998, p.24 - Sandra Kaplan, National/State Leadership Training
Institute - Engine-Uity, Ltd.,P.O. Box 9610, Phoenix, Az
85068 - Martinez, M. E. (April, 1998) What is Problem
Solving? Phi Delta Kappan. 605-609.
31APPLAUSE