GIS Output from Analysis

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• Types of output
• text - tables, lists, numbers or text in
  response to query
• graphic - maps, screen displays, graphs,
  perspective plots
• digital data - on disk, tape or transmitted
  across a network
• other, not yet common
• computer-generated sound
• 3D images

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• ?????????????????????????? (Cartographic Output)
• ??????????????????????????????? (Non-Cartographic
  Output)

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CARTOGRAPHIC OUTPUT

• The Design Process
• The Role of Symbols in Design
• Graphical Design Principles

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• The Design Process
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Preliminary map composition
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Detailed map compilation
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The Role of Symbols in Design

• LABEL PLACEMENT
• features shown on maps and displays can be
  differentiated and identified in various ways
• symbols, e.g. church, bridge
• colors
• sizes
• labels

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• labels provide the greatest flexibility to
  attach descriptions to point, line and area
  features
• names of administrative divisions, lakes, rivers
  etc.
• elevations of contours, spot heights
• highway numbers

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• in cartography, positioning labels is a complex
  and sophisticated process
• there have been few attempts to write down the
  rules used (Imhof, 1975 is a well-known
  exception)
• it has proven difficult to emulate these rules
  in automated map production or GIS
• positioning labels on screen displays is
  especially difficult because of low resolution
  (e.g. 640 by 480 pixels), and the importance of
  speed
• by comparison, a plotted map may have an
  effective resolution of 300 dots per inch, and an
  hour computing time may be acceptable

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• Imhof's basic rules
• names on maps should
• be legible
• be easily associated with the features they
  describe
• not overlap other map contents
• be placed so as to show the extent of the
  feature
• reflect the hierarchy of features by the use of
  different font sizes
• not be densely clustered nor evenly dispersed

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• it may not be possible to satisfy all of these
  rules perfectly
• the best solution will balance conflicting
  objectives, e.g. need to associate name with
  feature vs. need to avoid overlap of contents
• label placement is a complex problem because of
  the vast number of possible positions that have
  to be searched and the number of conflicting
  objectives
• two labelling problems are particularly
  significant in automated mapping and GIS

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• Graphical Design Principles
• often desirable to create good-looking finished
  product
• e.g. as part of professional report,
  presentation
• undesirable to have map look "computer-produced",
  excessively abstract or schematic

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• Graphical Design Principles (comtd)
• high cost of providing cosmetic output functions
  in GIS
• e.g. map border neatlines, symbols, north
  arrows, legends
• complexity of programming for these features may
  be much greater than for analytic functions
• time to plot these features may be high,
  particularly for pen plotters

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• Graphical Design Principles (comtd)
• some GIS map products are now almost
  indistinguishable in quality from manual
  cartography
• is appearance really important in a map drawn to
  support decision-making?
• GIS output maps are to be used directly, not
  destined for walls or map libraries
• should GIS products be simple, schematic, avoid
  high cost of manual cartographic quality?
• marketplace seems to say "no"

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Nontraditional Cartographic Output
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NONCARTOGRAPHIC OUTPUT

• TEXT OUTPUT
• perhaps more important than maps for reporting
  results of analysis
• results might be a list or table of selected
  objects with attributes
• queries might result in numerical results, e.g.
  totals, distances, areas, counts
• text output might be delivered by voice
  generator, e.g. navigation instructions like
  QUOTturn left at next traffic signal"

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• Tables
• e.g. list of all cuttable areas of timber,
  giving area, species, age, estimate of yield in
  board feet
• list is not of great value without an
  accompanying map to identify each object in the
  list

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• examples of specialized lists
• personalized letter to be mailed to all
  households within 500 m of a planned expressway
• list of all hazardous materials stored within
  100 m of a fire, transmitted by FAX to firetruck
• driving directions for a garbage collection
  route
• workorder and accompanying map and marked travel
  route for each service vehicle operated by
  utility company, giving day's work locations,
  nature of work
• list and accompanying map of all city voting
  precincts ranked by degree of support for party
  in last election

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