IGBP SCIENCE IN PAKISTAN

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IGBP SCIENCE IN PAKISTAN

• By
• Dr. Amir Muhammed
• Chairman,
• Pakistan National IGBP Committee

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NATIONAL SETTING
3
PAKISTAN GEOGRAPHICAL LOCATION
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SOCIO-ECONOMIC PROFILE

• Population 149 million
• Growth Rate 2.06
• Literacy rate 51
• Male 53
• Female 29
• GDP (per capita) 492
• Population below poverty line32
• Urban 22
• Rural 39
• Health Expenditure 0.7 of GDP
• Rural population access to
• Safe drinking water 48
• Sanitation 23

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CLIMATE

• Mostly Arid and Semi arid temperate in the North
  west
• Hot dry summers,
• Temperatures upto 530c (1270 F)
• Rainfall
• Annual average (weighted) 278 mm
• South 80 - 200 mm
• North 250 1600 mm
• Monsoon Share 49

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TEMPERATURE
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RAINFALL
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AGRICULTURE

• Largest sector of Economy (24 of GDP)
• 68 population rural directly or indirectly
  depends on agriculture
• Industries almost entirely agro based
• gt80 exports agro based
• Predominantly depends on irrigation

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IRRIGATION NETWORK
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WATER AVAILABILITY
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CLIMATE CHANGE
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RECENT TRENDS IN CLIMATE CHANGE

• Drought in Pakistan for last three years
• Forecast for continued dry weather in arid areas
  of the sub-continent
• Extremes getting severe-intense short duration
  rains, prolonged dry spells

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IMPACT ON RAINFALL WARMING

• Historical comparison (1930-60 1960-90)
• Rise in mean temp. of 0.5-1.00C in arid coastal
  areas, arid mountains and hyper arid plains
• 10-15 decrease in rainfall in above regions
• 15-35 increase in rainfall in monsoon zone
• 0.5 to 0.75 Increase in solar radiation in
  Balochistan and Southern Pakistan
• 1-2 decrease in cloud cover in central Pakistan
  with increase in sunshine hours

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IMPACT ON WATER RESOURCES AND ECONOMY

• Less snowfall, slow deposits glacierization
• Reduced river flows
• Reduction in storage of water in dams
• Less rainfall in arid areas, prolonged droughts

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ENVIRONMENTAL CONCERNS
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• Air Pollution
• Number of vehicles jumped from less than one
  million to about 4 million during last 20 years
• Av. Suspended particulate matter in major cities
  6 times higher than WHO standard
• Water Pollution
• Existing water resources under threat due to
  untreated discharge of municipal and industrial
  wastes. (Pak-EPA study Biological Oxygen Demand
  of river Ravi (Lahore)was 300 mg/litre (9 mg/l is
  acceptable)
• Increasing use of agro-chemicals polluting river
  and underground water
• Drinking water unfit for human consumption in
  most cities

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• Industrial Pollution
• Imports 525 types of chemicals for processing
  industries, in addition to locally produced
• Processing generates wastes poses risk to
  public health, land, water and marine resources
• Kasur Tanneries discharging effluent with chrome
  concn. of gt 200 mg/litre (standard 1 mg/l) and
  COD of gt7000/l ( limit 150 mg/l)

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• Marine Pollution
• Karachi generates 280 mn gallons of domestic and
  industrial waste daily. 80 untreated waste from
  6000 industrial units discharged into sea
• 8,000T garbage generated daily in Karachi, dumped
  randomly at various locations. Some finds its way
  into sea
• Karachi harbour area, including marine channel,
  is one of the most oil-polluted area along the
  coast of Pakistan
• Serious threat to marine environment, fisheries
  and mangrove resources, affecting poor coastal
  population.
• Loss of Biodiversity

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SCIENCE IN PAKISTAN
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RD EXPENDITURE
Source PCST Publications, ST Potential 1990
ST Indicators of Pakistan, 1999. UNESCO Year
Book 1999
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RD MANPOWER
Source UNESCO Year Book 1999
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SCIENCE LEARNED BODIES

• Pakistan Academy of Sciences
• Pakistan Association for Advancement of Science
• Scientific Society of Pakistan

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IGBP COMMITTEE OF PAKISTAN

• Dr. Amir Muhammed Agriculture
• Dr. M.D. Shami Chemical Technology
• Prof. Iftikar Malik Medical (Pathology)
• Mr. Tajammal H. Hashmi Engineering
• Dr. Iqbal Hussain Quershi Chemistry
• Prof. Dr. M.Suhail Zubairy Electronics
• Prof. Dr. M.Qasim Jan Geology
• Dr. Qamaruzzaman Meteorology

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INSTITUTIONS RELEVANT TO GC RESEARCH

• Pakistan Council for Scientific Industrial
  Research
• Pakistan Agriculture Research Council
• Pak. Council for Res. in Water Resources
• Water and Power Development Authority
• National Institute of Oceanography
• Pakistan Meteorological Department
• Global Change Impact Studies Centre

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GC SCIENCE PROJECTS

• Water Resources in South Asia An assessment of
  Climate Change associated vulnerabilities and
  coping mechanisms APN 2003-4 (Pakistan,
  Bangladesh, India, Nepal,USA)
• Global Change impact assessment for Himalayan
  Mountain Region for Environmental Management and
  Sustainable Development APN 2003-3 (Nepal,
  India, Pakistan)
• Inventory of Glaciers and Glacial Lakes and the
  identification of Potential Glacial Lake
  Outburst Floods (GLOFs) affected by Global
  Warming in the Mountains
  APN 2003-5 (Nepal, Pakistan, India, China,
  Japan, Mongolia, Republic of Korea)
• An assessment of nutrient, sediment and carbon
  fluxes to the coastal zone in South Asia and
  their relationship to human activities-(APN
  2001-20) (Srilanka, Pakistan, India, Nepal,
  USA, Australia)
• Management Responses to Seasonal Climate
  Forecasts in Mixed Cropping Systems of South
  Asia's Semi-Arid Tropics (CLIMAG) APN 2000-17 (
  Australia, India, Pakistan, USA)
• South Asian Regional Experiment to Characterize
  and Evaluate Physiological Response of Rice
  Varieties to CO2 Enrichment. APN 2000-08
  (India, Bangladesh,, Nepal, Pakistan, Sri Lanka)
  
• APN Networking Capacity Building
  Workshop2000-NC02 ( Pakistan, Bangladesh, Nepal,
  Sri Lanka)

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PROPOSAL FOR STRENGTHENING IGBP SCIENCE IN
PAKISTAN

• Sensitize policy makers to importance of GC
  studies
• Establish focal point for GC aspects in M/0
  Environment
• Regional and national capacity building workshops
• Establish education programs in environmental
  science
• Incorporate GC concerns in curricula
• Graduate course on GC science in region (AIT
  Bangkok?)
• Enhance capacity for science-based GC studies
• Support collab. research with developed country
  scientists
• Encourage visiting scientist program for young
  scientists

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THANK YOU