The Gaseous State of Matter

1
The Gaseous Stateof Matter
Preparation for College Chemistry Columbia
University Department of Chemistry
2
Chapter Outline
KMT
Gas Laws
Ideal Gas Equation
Gas Stoichiometry
Air Pollution
3
Preliminary Observations
Molar mass of water 18g /mole
6.02x1023 molecules weigh 18g
Density of water 1g/cc
18 g liquid water occupies 18mL
18 g gaseous water occupies 22,400mL
4
Kinetic Molecular Theory of Gases
2
1
p
2
m
c
p m c
KE
2
2m
v10cm/s
-x
x

v-10cm/s
c10cm/s
c10cm/s
Wall
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Kinetic Molecular Theory of Gases
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Distribution of Molecular SpeedsMaxwell-Boltzmann
Distribution
O2 at 25C
O2 at 1000C
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Grahams Law of Effusion
At the same T and P, the rates of Effusion of
two gases are inversely proportional to their
densities or molar masses.
8
Naturally occurring Uranium U-235 / U238 1 /
140
1st step U 6 F
2nd step Diffusion through thousands of
membranes (cascades)
Vacuum
Gas
Fully enriched weapons-grade Uranium
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State Variables
V volume (liters, cm3, m3)
T temperature (in K)
P pressure (atmospheres, mmHg, kPa)
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Torricellis barometer
760 torr
760 mmHg
76 cmHg
101.325 mbar
29.9 in. Hg
14.7 lb/in2 (PSI)
1 atm
At sea level
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Atmospheric Pressure
150 km
Hg height
air
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Boyles Law
At Constant TFor an Ideal Gas
PV C
P1 V1 P2 V2
P2
P1
??

V1
V2
??
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Boyles Law
At Constant TFor an Ideal Gas
14
Boyles Law
At Constant TFor an Ideal Gas
15
Charles Law
At Constant P for an Ideal Gas
V? T
Absolute zero
-273C
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Gay-Lussacs Law
P2
P1
At Constant V for an Ideal Gas
P? T

T2
T1
P CT
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Combined Gas Laws
Charles
Boyles
P1 V1 P2 V2
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STP Conditions
Reference Points for T and P for comparison
Standard Temperature 273.15 K 0C
Standard Pressure 1 atm
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Daltons Law of Partial Pressures
Ptot P1 P2 P3 ...
where P1 is the partial pressure of gas 1, etc...
Pn

Xn
Ptotal
nn
Molar fraction of gasn
Xn

n1
n2
n3
...


Pgas Ptotal PH2O (table 11.3 p. 387)
where PH2O is the vapor pressure of water at the
specified temperature. Most often used in
collection of insoluble gases over water. In open
systems, Ptotal Patm
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Gay-Lussacs Law of combining volumes
When measured at the same T and P, the ratios of
the V of reacting gases are small whole numbers
Avogadros Law
Equal volumes of different gases at the same T
and P containthe same number of molecules
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Consequences of Avogadros Law
1. Explanation of Gay-Lussacs combining volumes
law. Diatomic nature of elemental gases.
2. Method for determining molar masses of gases.
The molar Volume.
3. Firm foundation of KMT gases consists of
microscopic particles
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Density of Gases
But V f (P, T)
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Ideal Gas Equation
Equation of State
For one mole of a gas at STP, R constant
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Ideal Gas Equation
The ideal gas constant has energy/mol degrees
dimensions
R
R
R 8.134 J mol-1 K-1 2 Cal mol -1 K-1
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Gas Stoichiometry
Concentrated nitric acid acts on copper and
produces nitrogen dioxide and dissolved copper.
6.80 g Cu is consumed and NO2 is collected at a
pressure of .970atm and a temperature of 45C
(318 K) . Calculate the volume of NO2 produced.
x
6.80 g Cu
x

0.214 mol NO2

5.76 L NO2
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Real Gases
Follow the ideal gas law at sufficiently low
densities

• Gas molecules attract one another

• Gas molecules occupy a finite volume

Both factors increase in importance when the
molecules are close together (high P. low T).
Deviations from ideality are quantified by the
Compressibility factor z
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Real Gases
Intermolecular Forces
N2
H2
Ideal Gas
CH4
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Nitrogen at several T
25 C
600 C
Ideal Gas
-100 C
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Van der Waals Equation (1873)
b constant representing volume excluded per
mole of molecules
a depends on the strength of attractive forces
Proportional to reduction of wall collisions
due to cluster formation.
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Air Pollution
Upper and Lower Atmosphere Ozone
Sulfur Dioxide
Nitrogen Oxides
Green House Effect
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Upper atmosphere Ozone
hn
2O
O2
O3
Allotropic Transformation
O2
O

Ozone shield
hn
O


heat
O2
O3
hn
Ozone Layer Destruction
CCl3F
CCl2F .
Cl .

Chain propagation

Cl .
ClO .
O2
O3


O
O2

Cl .
ClO .
32
Tropospheric Chemistry
Photochemical Smog
lt 3 ppm Ozone alert, M N2 or O2
Radical Oxidation
Acid Rain Precursor
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http//www.epa.gov/globalwarming/emissions/index.h
tml
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http//news6.thdo.bbc.co.uk/hi/english/special_rep
ort/1997/sci/tech/global_warming/newsid_33000/3355
7.stm