Iso-MATSIRO development

1
Iso-MATSIRO development results

• Kei YOSHIMURAIIS, Univ.of TokyoJAPAN

H
18O
H
H
16O
H
16O
D
H
2
Outlines

• Descriptions of Iso-MATSIRO
• EQY1 results
• Issues on Plausibility
• Suggestions of experiments at new sites
• Yakutsk/Russia (Siberia)
• Tak/Thailand (Sub-tropics Paddy field)
• (GSWP-like) Global run
• Previous Studies
• Reanalyses-forced Atmos. Isotope Circulation
  Model
• Colored Moisture Analysis (CMA)

3
MATSIRO (Takata et al., 2003, GPC)(Minimal
Advanced Treatments of Surface Interaction and
RunOff)

• SiB-type LSM
• 5 soil layers (default)
• Richards equation for vertical water movement
• CH for hydraulic conductivity
• TOP model for base flow
• Ground water table depth is considered
• Snow cover and Glacier formation
• 12 soil types (Cosby et al., 1984)
• 13 veg. types
• No Mosaic (currently)

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Iso-MATSIRO

• Each of water-related variables has its isotopic
  concentration.
• Water Mass and Isotopic Mass are always balanced.
• Kinetic fractionations of
• Soil evap./subl.
• Intercepted water evap./subl.
• Transpiration
• Snow sublimation
• are taken into account.
• No soil diffusion

dEt
dEc
dSs
dEb
Rs
dR
Rb
5
IsoMAT Calculation Flow

• Albedo (Canopy / Snow / Ice )
• Upward Radiations
• Turbulence Parameters(Bulk coefficients for bare
  soil / Canopy / Stomata)
• Soil / Canopy / Stomatal resistance for
  with/without snow)
• Roughness
• Sensible / Latent heat fluxes with/without snow
• Soil / Canopy / Stomatal Isotopic fluxes for
  with/without snow
• Canopy water balance
• Snow Area / Snow water balance (max. 3 layers)
• Snow Albedo
• Runoff (Saturated / Infiltration excess /
  Overflow / Baseflow )
• Soil water (Ice formation/melting) (5 layers)
• Vegetation water (1 layer)

6
Kinetic Fractionation-Jouzels modification of
CG

• Assume that CG is applicable to any surface
  conditions (Canopy/Stomata/Soil, etc).

Evaporation flux
Rair, qair h01
Isotopic flux
V
Diffusion
Isotopic ratio of evaporation flux
Equilibrium
Req, qeqh1
Ro
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EQY1 Simulations

• Iterate 1 year until equilibrium.
• Manaus, Munich, Tumbarumba
• Forcing REMOiso, 15min.
• Parameter
• Soil type (given)
• Veg. type
• Manaus Broadleaf evergreen forest
• Munich High latitude deciduous forest Woodland
• Tumb Broadleaf deciduous forest Woodland
• LAI (given)

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Times for Equilibrium

• Compare 0000, 1 Jan and 2400, 30, Dec.
• Water Threshold10-5mm in all soil water
• Isotopic Threshold 10-5mmSMOW in all soil
  water
• Manaus
• 2y for H2O, 4y for H218O, 5y for HDO
• Munich
• 4y for H2O, 8y for H218O, 10y for HDO
• Tumbarumba
• 3y for H2O, 3y for H218O, 5y for HDO

9
Some Results (pls see Matts HP?)

• Seasonal changes

18O in Canopy Evap at Munich
18O in Soil Evap. at Manaus
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Plausible? Vertical profile of Soil SWI
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Plausible? 2-Annual budget and seasonal
variability
Tumbarumba
Tumbarumba
d18O in water flux ()
Water Flux (mm/year)
Manaus
Manaus
d18O in water flux ()
Water Flux (mm/year)
12
Plausible? 3-Diurnal Change of SWI in Veg.
Manaus
Tumbarumba
Munich
13
Plausible? 4- Delta-Plot for Monthly Scale
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The Questions for each ILSS from Kendal

• Why the variation in amplitude of diurnal cycles
  in deltas?
• ? Reservoirs (if not reservoir size changes,)
  Seem to depend on degree of corresponded water
  fluxes.
• ? Fluxes ??
• What mechanisms are causing isotope variations?
• ? 1. Isotopic Forcings (of course)
• ? 2. Humidity variation (diurnal/seasonal)
• ? 3. Reservoirs sizes (soil/canopy/vegetation)
• ? 4. Latent heat partitioning (in case w/o tree?)

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Suggestions for New Sites??

• Sub-Tropics, Thailand
• Permafrost, Siberia

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1. Tak, Thailand
Tak
Tower
Made by Dr. Shin Miyazaki
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Instruments
100m
Automatic monitoring from 2002
30m
RdS RdL
aRdS esT4
An
H
lE
Q
Ta
U
AP
0m
P
G
TG
WG
Made by Dr. Shin Miyazaki
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View from tower (dry and rainy seasons)
Made by Dr. Shin Miyazaki
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MATSIRO Performance at tropical monsoon climate
in Tak, Thailand

• By Shin Miyazaki (IIS, U-Tokyo), Wonsik Kim
  (NIAES), and Kei Yoshimura (IIS, U-Tokyo)

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Soil moisture up-most (IGBP)
Redobservation, blacksimulation
Rainy season
Dry season-2
Dry season-1

• Dry Obs? sim, Rainy Obsgtgtsim

Made by Dr. Shin Miyazaki
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Latent heat flux (IGBP)
Redobservation, blacksimulation

• Dry sim?obs, Rainysim?obs

Made by Dr. Shin Miyazaki
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2. Yakutsk, RussiaSpasskaya Pad Experimental
forest of IBPC GAME/Siberia field observation
site

• Great forest with little precip.(200mm/y)
• Lena river basin
• Permafrost

Made by Dr. Atsuko Sugimoto
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Precip ?18O in Yakutsk

• Summer
• ?18O - high d value - low
• Winter
• ?18O - low d value - high

Made by Dr. Atsuko Sugimoto
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Different precip.amt. From year to year
1998
DRY!!
1999
WET!!
2000
Made by Dr. Atsuko Sugimoto
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Soil water storage function for coming years
Wet

• Dry Summer
• Upward water flux
• Melted ice was used for transpiration.
• Wet Summer
• Downward water flux
• Water remained after transpiration
• ?Pass winter as ice.

Dry
Stabilize transpiration
Made by Dr. Atsuko Sugimoto
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Soil water storage
1998
2001
JJA prec (mm)
46
1998
1999
Water equivalent (mm)
Large Inter-annual variation
1999
177
2000
2000
81
PER?Q
Innegligible!!!
(Sugimoto et al., 2003)
Made by Dr. Atsuko Sugimoto
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Outlines

• Descriptions of Iso-MATSIRO
• EQY1 results
• Issues on Plausibility
• Suggestions of experiments at new sites
• Yakutsk/Russia (Siberia)
• Tak/Thailand (Sub-tropics Paddy field)
• (GSWP-like) Global run
• Previous Studies
• Reanalyses-forced Atmos. Isotope Circulation
  Model
• Colored Moisture Analysis (CMA)

28
Isotopically A-L Coupled Global Simulation (still
offline)
Calculation flow for Each Time step
GAME-Rean.
Upper Meteor.Qu, Qv, W, P, E
Surface Meteor.U, V, q, T, p, P
ICM
Iso-MAT
Isotopes in vapor/precip.
Isotopes in Evap.
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d18O Distribution, Apr-Oct, 98
Surface Soil Water
Total Runoff
Precipitation
Total Evaporation
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Validation in Chiangmai, 99E18N (Precip.d18O)
Prcp. d18O ()
Bias Cor. RMSE
-3.2 0.74 4.2
Bias Cor. RMSE
0.3 0.76 2.7
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Global Validation (Prcp.d18O)
Simulated d18O ()
Honestly, this is NOT evidence of land impact on
atm is large. It tells reasonable range of vapor
isotopes are supplied.
GNIP d18O ()
Bias Cor. RMSE
-3.4 0.69 4.6
Bias Cor. RMSE
1.0 0.70 3.1
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River discharge isotope estimates with iso-TRIP
dsr1
dsr2
dsr3
O2
O1
O3
SR
dsr
Original TRIPOki and Sud (1998)
R
v
dr
O
Observations
33
Isotopic variation at the estuary of Chaophraya
d18O ()
Obs. range

• Runoff from Iso-Bucket is always through soil
  buffer, whereas iso-MAT runoff is mainly
  precip.-direct. ? Too large fluctuation

34
Outlines

• Descriptions of Iso-MATSIRO
• EQY1 results
• Issues on Plausibility
• Suggestions of experiments at new sites
• Yakutsk/Russia (Siberia)
• Tak/Thailand (Sub-tropics Paddy field)
• (GSWP-like) Global run
• Previous Studies
• Reanalyses-forced Atmos. Isotope Circulation
  Model
• Colored Moisture Analysis (CMA)

35
(Atmospheric) Isotope (18O) Circulation
ModelYoshimura et al. 2003, 2004, JGR
Reanalyses-forced offline atmospheric model.
36
Reproduced Daily d18O Variations well
Cor. RMSE
ChiSukBan 0.800.770.60 2.9 2.8 2.8
Cor. RMSE
ChiSukBan 0.760.740.56 4.2 4.1 3.5
GAMEGPCP
GAMEonly
Yoshimura et al., 2003, JGR
37
Global Distribution of d18O is reproduced, too.
Corr.coef. b/w monthly obsdestd prcp iso.
for 1979-93. (blue is good)
Int-ann. variations of prcp iso.
Yoshimura et al., 2004, JGR
38
Colored Moisture Analysis
39
How Indian Ocean water moves?
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On a global scale
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Continental cycling Ratio
Yoshimura et al.,2004, JMSJ
42
Chiangmai, Apr.-Oct. 1998
Contents of each origin in water vapor
(precipitable water)
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Bangkok, Apr.-Oct. 1998
Contents of each origin in water vapor
(precipitable water)
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Thanks for your attention!

• Yoshimura, K., T. Oki, and K. Ichiyanagi,
  Evaluation of two-dimensional atmospheric water
  circulation fields in reanalyses by using
  precipitation isotopes databases, J. Geophys.
  Res., 109, doi10.1029/2004JD004764, 2004.
• Yoshimura, K., T. Oki, N. Ohte, and S. Kanae,
  Colored moisture analysis estimates of variations
  in 1998 Asian monsoon water sources, J. Meteor.
  Soc. Japan, 82, 1315-1329, 2004.
• Yoshimura, K., T. Oki, N. Ohte, and S. Kanae, A
  quantitative analysis of short-term 18O
  variability with a Rayleigh-type isotope
  circulation model. J. Geophys. Res., 108(D20),
  4647, doi10.1029/2003JD003477, 2003.
• E-mail kei_at_iis.u-tokyo.ac.jp
• Happy to have good cooperation with you?

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Sensitivity test - of layers
d18O in soil water ()
Depth (cm)
5?8 layers2m?4m depth
46
Water/Isotopes Partitioningat 100E17N
mm/year
d18O in water ()
47

• However, Systematic underestimation.
• Possibly due to land originated water??

Line Sim.
Bar Obs.
1998
Underestimation becomes larger
CMA results
Land originated water becomes more
Yoshimura 2004, JMSJ
48
Global d-excess (dD-8d18O) estimation

• Comparison with GNIP ? Systematic bias

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d18O, dD, d-excess in Chiangmai
d18O
d-excess
dD