Making guidelines for communicable disease prevention and control

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Making guidelines for communicable
diseaseprevention and control

• Preben Aavitsland
• Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology
• Norwegian Institute of Public Health
• at
• EpiTrain V, Vilnius, October 22 2007

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Contents

• Background
• Bad practice
• Varying practice
• The need for evidence
• Ten steps for making guidelines

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Good guidelines?
If he vomits, hes more likely to choke the
vomitus. Also, he tends to keep his head turned
to the same side usually toward the centre of
the room. This may flatten the side of his head.
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SIDS mortality in England and Wales
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From text books...

• Recommended sleeping position in books on child
  care

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Variation in prescribing of antibiotics for acute
otitis media
Froom J et al. Diagnosis and antibiotic treatment
of acute otitis media report from International
Primary Care Network. BMJ 1990300582-6.
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Experience
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Many questions

• Disinfection of apartments of tuberculosis
  patients?
• How many doses of BCG vaccine?
• Disinfestation of madrass of persons with
  headlice?
• Postexposure prophylaxis against HIV?
• Regular screening of dairy workers for
  Salmonella? And teachers?
• Antibiotics to contacts of meningococcal disease
  patients?

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Why do we do what we do?

• Directive from Ministry?
• Learnt in medical school?
• Read in text-books?
• Tradition?
• Logic?
• Discussions with colleagues?
• Read in medical journals?

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Why are guidelines needed?

• Variation in practice
• Practice ineffective or worse
• Guidelines must be based on the best evidence
  available

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Ten steps

1. Justify need and refine subject
2. Set up project and working group
3. Identify previous guidelines
4. Define objectives and users
5. Identify and assess evidence
6. Translate evidence into guidelines
7. Get external review
8. Plan and conduct implementation
9. Plan evaluation
10. Plan updating

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1. Justify need and refine subject

• Justify need based on
• Size of problem (morbidity, mortality, costs)
• Lack of consensus and variation in practice
• Evidence of poor application of evidence
• Evidence of ineffective services
• Refine the subject
• What is actually needed?
• Specify the problem area
• Talk to users of guidelines

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2. Set up project and working group

• Define a project
• Resources, mandate, time frame
• Identify stakeholders
• Everyone whose activities will be covered by the
  guidelines
• Set up project group
• Stakeholders
• Experts from several disciplines
  (multidisciplinary)
• Patient groups? NGOs?
• Clarify commercial and other conflicts of interest

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3. Identify previous guidelines

• Ask stakeholders
• Search Internet and books
• www.who.int
• www.cdc.gov
• www.ecdc.europa.eu
• If found, assess relevance and quality
• If ok, maybe you do not need to continue

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4. Define objectives and users

• Objectives
• Describe problem, situations and desired change
• Define relevant evaluation indicators
• Process
• Quality
• Outcome

• Methods
• How will the guidelines be developed?
• Transparent
• Users
• Whom are the guidelines for?

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5. Identify and assess evidence

• Find evidence
• Look first for systematic reviews (Cochrane
  Library) and other reviews
• Then look for controlled trials (PubMed)
• Check references
• Ask group members

• Assess evidence
• Is the evidence relevant to our objectives?
• Is the evidence valid? (Are the studies sound?)
• Grade the evidence

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Hierarchy of evidence

1. Systematic review of randomised controlled trials
2. Individual randomised controlled trial
3. Non-randomised trial
4. Observational study (case-control, cohort)
5. Expert opinion (unsystematic review)
6. Personal experience

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Searching for systematic reviews

• Cochrane library
• www.mrw.interscience.wiley.com/cochrane
• Search Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
• For instance Are antibiotics helpful against
  conjunctivitis?

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Searching for randomised trials

• Search PubMed
• www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/
• Limit to randomised controlled trials

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6. Translate evidence into guidelines

• Intepret evidence
• The quality (grade)
• The applicability to our objectives
• Costs versus benefits
• Knowledge of health care system
• Beliefs and values of group members

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Grading of recommendations

• Very strong recommendation
• Grade 1 evidence applicability benefits
  outweighs costs
• Strong recommendation
• Grade 2 evidence applicability benefits
  outweighs costs
• Medium strong recommendation
• Evidence of grade 3 applicability benefits
  outweighs costs
• Weak recommendation
• Evidence of grade 4 or lower applicability
  benefits outweighs costs

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7. Get external review

• Extra check of validity, clarity and
  applicability
• Include either individuals or organisations
• Experts in the area ? sensible?
• Experts in guidelines making ? sound method?
• Potential users ? useful?
• May improve acceptability

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8. Plan and conduct implementation

• Many guidelines are useless and do not work
• Health care personells behaviour is very
  difficult to change
• Identify and address barriers and opposition to
  change
• Use sufficient resources for implementation
• Make an implementation strategy

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Factors to help implementation

• Ownership
• Stepwise implementation
• Local adjustments
• Economical incentives
• Supervision from above

• Support
• Design of guidelines
• Use of Internet
• Integration in continuing education
• Opinion leaders
• Mass media

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9. Plan evaluation

• Consider the objectives of the guidelines
• Measure effect
• Compare groups or time periods (quantitatively)
• Measure users compliance and satisfaction
• Measure patient outcomes?

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10. Plan updating

• Updating is always needed
• Assure quality and relevance
• Include new evidence, new comments and evaluation
  results
• Remove old truths
• Keep the users trust
• Authors are responsible, but simpler process

• Make a plan for update and inform users
• Starting point either
• when new evidence becomes available,
• when evaluation is finished, or
• at specified time
• Www guidelines are easier to update, but how
  announce?

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Outline of guidelines

• Background
• Objectives of guidelines
• Users of guidelines
• Methods for making the guidelines
• Guidelines
• Updating plan
• (Implementation plan)
• Literature

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Conclusions

• Guidelines are needed
• We need guidelines based on evidence
• We should follow the ten steps for making
  guidelines
• Good implementation is crucial