Introduction: Explaining Finlands Road into the European Union

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IntroductionExplaining Finlands Road into the
European Union

• Lecture series Finland and European Integration
  1945-1995
• Juhana Aunesluoma
• Autumn term 2008
• University of Helsinki
• http//www.valt.helsinki.fi/blogs/jauneslu/index.h
  tm

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The topic

• Finland became a member of the EU 1995
• Together with two other Cold War neutrals Sweden
  and Austria
• How did this come about? How certain or uncertain
  was this outcome? Why the Finns chose Europe?
• History
• Finlands special arrangements with European
  integration processes since the Second World War
• Finlands special relationship with the Soviet
  Union 1944-1991
• Finlands policy of neutrality during the Cold
  War
• Finlands miraculous economic growth,
  participation in international trade and finance,
  and societal development in the 20th century

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Todays lecture

• course programme, forms of work and assessment
• the reading list
• the general framework of the course
• the study of European integration history
• the study of foreign policy and foreign economic
  and trade policy
• the Finnish integration debate
• different explanations and intrepretations of
  Finnish integration policy
• political scientists, historians, economists,
  contemporaries, journalists

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Course work

• 3 ects version
• attendance in five lectures
• a final exam based on the lectures and the
  reading list
• 5 or 6 ects version
• the above
• for 5 ects a 8-10 page essay (for 6 ects a 12-15
  page essay)
• attendance and an oral presentation in the essay
  seminar in the 3. period
• prepared discussion points on another students
  essay in the seminar
• essays should be submitted by 9 January 2009
  (i.e. just before the term starts)
• alternative 3 ects version
• no lecture course
• a 12-15 page essay and its oral presentation in
  the seminar
• attendance and an oral presentation in the essay
  seminar in the 3. period
• prepared discussion points on another students
  essay in the seminar

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Course aims

• to explain how European integration has
  influenced Finland and how that country became a
  member of the European Union in 1995
• how this has been dealt with in research and in
  public debates
• historical developments and turning points
  1945-1995
• Finlands political and economic balancing
  between the Cold War East and West
• Finlands unique institutional arrangements with
  organisations such as the OEEC/OECD, EFTA, EC/EU
  and COMECON
• foreign economic ? foreign and security policies
• how these may be linked

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Programme

• 7.11. Introduction Explaining Finland's Road
  into the European Union
• the main historical outline, alternative
  perspectives, debates
• 14.11. Reconstruction and Liberalisation
  1944-1961
• Finnish recovery from war, reparations, bilateral
  trade regime, regulation of foreign trade, the
  Marshall Plan decision 1947, liberalisation of
  foreign trade, Nordic talks, EFTA association
  1961
• 21.11. Finland and the EEC 1961-1974
• Finlands position within the EFTA-group, Nordic
  talks 1968-70, free trade negotiations with the
  EEC and their outcome 1970-1974
• 28.11. Finland in the Soviet Economic Empire
  1944-1991
• the special political and economic arrangements
  of Finlands eastern trade, trade patterns,
  political interests, the highs and lows of
  the Soviet-Finnish economic relationship, the end
  of the regime in the 1980s
• 5.12. Into EU 1984-1995
• Finlands road towards the EU, 1980s
  developments, EEA negotiations, making the
  EU-decisio, negotiations and their outcome,
  referendum 1994
• 12.12. Final examination (lectures reading
  list)
• three exam papers from a set of five questions

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Reading list

• 1. Riitta Hjerppe Juha-Antti Lamberg (1997)
  "Finland's international economic relations",
  Historiallinen Aikakauskirja Vol 95 No 2,
  136-143.
• 2. Hanna Ojanen (2004) "If in 'Europe', then in
  its 'core'?", in Wolfram Kaiser Jürgen Elvert
  (ed.), European Union Enlargement. A Comparative
  History, 150-169.
• 3. Tapani Paavonen (1989) "Neutrality,
  protectionism and the international community.
  Finnish foreign economic policy in the period of
  reconstruction of the international economy,
  1945-1950", Scandinavian Economic History Review
  Vol 37 No 1, 23-40.
• 4. Mikko Majander (1994) "The limits of
  sovereignty. Finland and the question of the
  Marshall Plan in 1947", Scandinavian Journal of
  History Vol 19 No 4, 309-326.
• 5. Tapani Paavonen (2004) "Finland and the
  question of West European Economic integration,
  1947-1961", Scandinavian Economic History Review
  Vol 52, No 2-3, 85-109.
• 6. Tapani Paavonen (2001) "From isolation to the
  Core Finland's position towards European
  integration, 1960-95", Journal of European
  Integration History Vol 7 No 1, 53-75.

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Reading list

• 7. Pekka Sutela (2006) "Finnish trade with the
  USSR Why was it different?", in Gertrude
  Enderle-Burcel, Dieter Stiefel Alice Teichova
  (eds.), 'Delicate Relationships' Austria and
  Europe's Planned Economies, 311-330.
• 8. Pekka Sutela (2007) "The folklore of
  Finland's eastern trade", Europe-Asia Studies Vol
  59 No 1, 137-162.
• 9. Raimo Väyrynen (1993) "Finland and the
  European Community Changing Elite Bargaings",
  Cooperation and Conflict Vol 28 No 1, 31-46.
• 10. Tapio Raunio Teija Tiilikainen "Finland
  joins the European Union", 21-42
• 11. Christine Ingebritsen Susan Larson (1997)
  "Interest and identity. Finland, Norway and
  European Union", Cooperation and Conflict Vol 32
  No 2, 207-222.
• 12. David Arter (1995) "The EU referendum in
  Finland on 16 October 1994. A vote for the West,
  not for Maastricht", Journal of Common Market
  Studies Vol 33 No 3, 361-387.
• 13. Christopher S. Browning (2002) "Coming home
  or moving home? 'Westernizing' narratives in
  Finnish foreign policy and the reintrepretation
  of past identities", Cooperation and Conflict Vol
  37 No 1, 47-72.

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Finlands foreign trade of GNP 1900-2002 ()
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Finnish exports1900-2003
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Finnish imports 1900-2003
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Finland in the Global Political Economy
Institutions part I
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Finland in the Global Political Economy
Institutions part II
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Finnish foreign policy during the Cold War

• treaty structure
• 1947 Paris Peace Treaty
• 1948 Treaty of Friendship, Cooperation and Mutual
  Assistance (FCMA)
• Paasikivi-Kekkonen line
• realism, appeasement of the Soviet Union,
  acceptance of legitimate Soviet security
  interests
• centralisation of foreign policy decision-making
• the role of the president, Kekkonens long
  presidency 1956-81
• evolution of neutrality policy from mid-1950s
  onwards
• increased Soviet pressure on Finnish neutrality
  policy from 1968 onwards
• strenghtening of neutrality again from mid 1970s
  onwards
• Finlandization-debate
• two different aspects of Finlandization domestic
  political culture and foreign policy

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Finnish foreign policy fundamentals

• Finlands international position anchored into
  the Cold War East-West division
• three spheres East-West relations, Nordic
  region, Europe
• Europe seen as a bipolar system under superpower
  hegemony
• bipolar superpower hegemony provided the European
  system with stability
• Finland accepted the systemic constraints on its
  foreign political behaviour
• E. Antola status quo country
• primacy of military-security issues in foreign
  policy
• other sectors and dimensions evaluated from that
  perspective

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Debating 1995 and all that

• Political scientists
• systemic change, economic factors, identity
  politics, decision-making, changes in the
  domestic corporatist structures
• Historians
• path dependence, political factors, economic
  factors, the primacy of one or another, domestic
  political decision-making, the roles of certain
  individuals
• Public level of debate
• the 1994 referendum agenda Finlands place in
  Europe, identity, membership in the core or
  cores of Europe, economic security, foreign
  policy, military security

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Grouping the perspectives

• Economic fundamentals
• C. Ingebritsen, T. Paavonen, R. Hjerppe
• Elite opinions and domestic factors
• R. Väyrynen, M. Koivisto, O. Rehn
• Developments in EC/EU
• H. Ojanen, M. Koivisto
• Identity politics
• T. Tiilikainen, C. Browning, P. Joenniemi, S.
  Moisio, V. Harle, D. Arter
• Security and international system change
• M. Koivisto, M. Jakobson

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EU membership as political history

• interpretations of Finlands choice for Europe
  politicized
• was Finland already western?
• if not, was it or should it be westernized
• alternative paths for Finland?
• levels of politicization
• reading Finlands EU-membership project from a
  particular perspective
• to justify a certain understanding of what
  happened and why
• reading of the past in general from a particular
  perspective
• to justify the present and/or the future on an
  even more general level
• views of the more distant past relevant as well
  as more immediate history
• the historians keyhole trap
• a highly selective view of the past, a
  deterministic or teleological view of what
  happened and why

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General reading (not on the reading list)

• Teija Tiilikainen, Europe and Finland defining
  the political identity of Finland in Western
  Europe (1998)
• Tapio Raunio Teija Tiilikainen, Finland in the
  European Union (2003)
• Jari Ojala et al (eds.), The Road to Prosperity.
  An Economic History of Finland (2006)
• Christine Ingebritsen, The Nordic States and
  European Unity (1998)
• Bo Huldt et al (eds.), Finnish and Swedish
  Security. Comparing National Policies (2001)
• Jussi Hanhimäki, Scandinavia and the United
  States (1997)
• Max Jakobson, Finland in the New Europe (1998)
• Mauno Koivisto, Witness to History (1997)
• Esko Antola, The Burden of History. Finland as a
  Status Quo Country, The International Spectator
  (1994)