Ch' 10

1
Ch. 10

• Sex and Gender

2
Basic Concepts

•  
• sex biological categories (e.g., female and
  male).
•  
• gender positions and personal traits that
  society attaches to each sex.

3
Societal Expectations of Each Sex (Gender)

• What are the factors that contribute to negative
  body images and eating disorders? Are there
  different expectations for the sexes?

4
Physical Differences

• Discuss size differences between women and men
• Discuss life expectancy differences between women
  and men
• WHY the differences in life expectancy??

5
Patriarchy and Sexism Two Gendered Phenomena
that are Universal but Variable

• Patriarchy rule of the fathers A form of
  social organization in which males dominate
  females.
• Matriarchy rule of the mothers A form of
  social organization in which females dominate
  males.

6
Sexism

• Sexism also exists in many societies.
•  
• Sexism prejudice and discrimination against
  females.
•  
• Institutional sexism when people are treated
  unequally in the social structures of society
  based on their sex. Sexism is built into social
  institutions such as??? 

7
Gender Stratification

• Gender (sex) stratification the unequal
  distribution of wealth, power, and privilege
  between women and men.

8
Gender Stratification in Historical
Contemporary Perspective

• Your author asks, How do tasks in a society come
  to be defined as mens work or womens work?
  (Kendall, 2005).
• 3 factors
• The type of subsistence base (the means by which
  a society gains the basic necessities of life)
• The supply of demand for labor
• The extent to which womens child-rearing
  activities are compatible with certain types of
  work

9
Gender Stratification in Historical
Contemporary Perspective

• Hunting Gathering Societies
• Horticultural Pastoral Societies
• Agrarian Societies
• Industrial Societies
• Postindustrial Societies

10
Gender Stratification

• Overall, women of all races make about 78 cents
  for every dollar made by men.

11
Perspectives on Gender Stratification

• Functionalists Assert that traditional gender
  roles benefit society (e.g., women fulfilling
  expressive tasks and men fulfilling
  instrumental tasks).

12
Perspectives on Gender Stratififcation

• The Human Capital Model Asserts that individuals
  vary in how much human capital they bring to
  the labor market (human capital education, job
  experience). Peoples earnings reflect a
  combination of their personal choices and the
  current supply demand of certain kinds of jobs.
  
• According to this view, what happens to womens
  human capital when they leave the workforce?

13
Perspectives on Gender Stratification

• Conflict perspectives Assert that gender
  stratification results from patriarchy which
  exists in order to keep men in powerful positions
  and women in subordinate ones.
• How would Mark ( Engels) view traditional
  marriage?

14
Consequences of Patriarchy

• Does patriarchy influence our everyday lives and
  social opportunities (in business, at home,
  socially, politically)? (, power??)

15
Socialization into Gender

• gender roles (sex roles) attitudes and
  activities that a society links to each sex.
•  
• Consider the first question people ask when a
  baby is born....

16
Agents of (Gender) Socialization

•  Family - socializes before birth. How so?
• following birth? How so?
• Religion - Women are more involved in religious
  organizations and pray more often, but men occupy
  positions of power more often. Yet, in some
  denominations women are in power positions, e.g.,
  some Protestant Jewish organizations.
• Interestingly, the early womens movement was
  spurred largely by women who were quite religious

17
Agents of (Gender) Socialization

• peer group (people of same age).
•  
• Through play and games. Girls are taught
  cooperation, communication, and other
  interpersonal skills.
•  
• Boys teach each other competitiveness, scoring,
  and aggression through games.

18
Agents of (Gender) Socialization

• Mass media (radio, advertising, films,
  television, books, etc.) Until the 1970s women
  hardly appeared in shows. What are Voiceovers?
  
• Voiceovers are mostly male. WHY?
•  
• Schools - research shows that males and females
  focus on subject areas based on their sex
  (physical sciences are encouraged to boys whereas
  the social sciences are encouraged to girls).

19
Feminism!

• feminism the advocacy of social equality for
  men and women, in opposition to patriarchy and
  sexism.
•