Weight Gain

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Weight Gain

• Brian Brabham
• September 20, 2006
• ENH 6326

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Goals

• Gain understanding of obesity trends, causation,
  and outcomes
• Discuss aspects of weight gain in athletes

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Classifications
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Classifications

• Overweight
• Men BMI gt 27.8
• Women BMI gt 27.3
• Obese
• Men BMI-31.1
• Women BMI- 32.3
• World Health Organization
• BMI gt 30 is obese

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An Epidemic of Obesity

• Close to 65 of US population is overweight or
  obese
• Period from 1976-1980 vs. 1999-2000
• Overweight increased by 40 (46-64.5)
• Obese increased by 110 (14.5 - 30.5)
• Youth Statistics
• 10 of 2-5 year olds overweight
• 15 of 6-19 year olds overweight
• BMI gt 95th percentile for age and gender

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Portion Sizes Have Increased Dramatically!!
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BAGEL
20 Years Ago
Today
140 calories 3-inch diameter
How many calories are in this bagel?
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BAGEL
20 Years Ago
Today
140 calories 3-inch diameter
350 calories 6-inch diameter
Calorie Difference 210 calories
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CHEESEBURGER
Today
20 Years Ago
333 calories
How many calories are in todays cheeseburger?
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CHEESEBURGER
Today
20 Years Ago
590 calories
333 calories
Calorie Difference 257 calories
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SODA
20 Years Ago
Today
85 Calories 6.5 ounces
How many calories are in todays portion?
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SODA
20 Years Ago
Today
250 Calories 20 ounces
85 Calories 6.5 ounces
Calorie Difference 165 Calories
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Obesity Trends Among U.S. Adults between 1985 and
2004

• Definitions
• Obesity having a very high amount of body fat in
  relation to lean body mass, or Body Mass Index
  (BMI) of 30 or higher.
• Body Mass Index (BMI) a measure of an adults
  weight in relation to his or her height,
  specifically the adults weight in kilograms
  divided by the square of his or her height in
  meters.

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Obesity Trends Among U.S. Adults between 1985 and
2004

• Source of the data
• The data shown in these maps were collected
  through CDCs Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance
  System (BRFSS). Each year, state health
  departments use standard procedures to collect
  data through a series of monthly telephone
  interviews with U.S. adults.
• Prevalence estimates generated for the maps may
  vary slightly from those generated for the states
  by BRFSS (http//aps.nccd.cdc.gov/brfss) as
  slightly different analytic methods are used.

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Obesity Trends Among U.S. AdultsBRFSS, 1991,
1996, 2004
(BMI ?30, or about 30 lbs overweight for 54
person)
1996
2004
No Data lt10 1014
1519 2024 25
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Obesity Trends Among U.S. AdultsBRFSS, 1985
(BMI 30, or 30 lbs overweight for 5 4
person)
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Obesity Trends Among U.S. AdultsBRFSS, 1986
(BMI 30, or 30 lbs overweight for 5 4
person)
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Obesity Trends Among U.S. AdultsBRFSS, 1987
(BMI 30, or 30 lbs overweight for 5 4
person)
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Obesity Trends Among U.S. AdultsBRFSS, 1988
(BMI 30, or 30 lbs overweight for 5 4
person)
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Obesity Trends Among U.S. AdultsBRFSS, 1989
(BMI 30, or 30 lbs overweight for 5 4
person)
No Data lt10 1014
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Obesity Trends Among U.S. AdultsBRFSS, 1990
(BMI 30, or 30 lbs overweight for 5 4
person)
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Obesity Trends Among U.S. AdultsBRFSS, 1991
(BMI 30, or 30 lbs overweight for 5 4
person)
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Obesity Trends Among U.S. AdultsBRFSS, 1992
(BMI 30, or 30 lbs overweight for 5 4
person)
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Obesity Trends Among U.S. AdultsBRFSS, 1993
(BMI 30, or 30 lbs overweight for 5 4
person)
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Obesity Trends Among U.S. AdultsBRFSS, 1994
(BMI 30, or 30 lbs overweight for 5 4
person)
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Obesity Trends Among U.S. AdultsBRFSS, 1995
(BMI 30, or 30 lbs overweight for 5 4
person)
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Obesity Trends Among U.S. AdultsBRFSS, 1996
(BMI 30, or 30 lbs overweight for 5 4
person)
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Obesity Trends Among U.S. AdultsBRFSS, 1997
(BMI 30, or 30 lbs overweight for 5 4
person)
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Obesity Trends Among U.S. AdultsBRFSS, 1998
(BMI 30, or 30 lbs overweight for 5 4
person)
No Data lt10 1014
1519 20
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Obesity Trends Among U.S. AdultsBRFSS, 1999
(BMI 30, or 30 lbs overweight for 5 4
person)
No Data lt10 1014
1519 20
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Obesity Trends Among U.S. AdultsBRFSS, 2000
(BMI 30, or 30 lbs overweight for 5 4
person)
No Data lt10 1014
1519 20
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Obesity Trends Among U.S. AdultsBRFSS, 2001
(BMI 30, or 30 lbs overweight for 5 4
person)
No Data lt10 1014
1519 2024 25
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Obesity Trends Among U.S. AdultsBRFSS, 2002
(BMI 30, or 30 lbs overweight for 5 4
person)
(BMI ?30, or 30 lbs overweight for 54 person)
No Data lt10 1014
1519 2024 25
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Obesity Trends Among U.S. AdultsBRFSS, 2003
(BMI 30, or 30 lbs overweight for 5 4
person)
No Data lt10 1014
1519 2024 25
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Obesity Trends Among U.S. AdultsBRFSS, 2004
(BMI 30, or 30 lbs overweight for 5 4
person)
No Data lt10 1014
1519 2024 25
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Latest Obesity State Report
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Weight Gain

• Pattern of rapid weight gain during first four
  months of life
• Increased overweight status at 7
• Independent of birth weight
• Independent of weight at 1

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Weight Gain

• Low birth weight and rapid weight gain associated
  with an increased risk for CVD in adulthood
• Pediatrics, 2002109194-199

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Fructose?

• Increased intake of fructose as a result of added
  sugars in US diet
• Soft drinks, etc.

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Fructose?

• Feedback to CNS regarding energy status
• Fructose consumption results in
• Decreased production and signaling of
• Leptin
• Insulin
• Fructose consumption does not stimulate insulin
  secretion from pancreatic beta cells
• Likely due to low concentration of fructose
  transporter GLUT5 in the beta cells

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Health Consequences of Obesity

• 300,000 deaths per year attributed to obesity
• 2nd leading cause of death
• Heart Disease
• 20-30 of CVD attributed to excess weight
• Hypertension
• Strong linear relationship between BMI and BP
• Diabetes
• Obese ind. Have 10xs greater risk
• Cancer
• 9 of postmenopausal breast cancer
• 11 of colon cancer
• 25 of renal cancer
• 37 esophageal cancer
• 39 endometrial cancer
• Cerebrovascular Disease
• Risk of ischemic stroke increased with BMI
  (Rexrode, 1997)

The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology
Metabolism 89(6)2522-2525, 2004
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Health Consequences of Obesity

• Gallstones
• Osteoarthritis
• Dyslipidemia
• Sleep Apnea
• Asthma
• Cataracts
• Menstrual Irreregularities
• Pregnancy Complications
• Depression

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Obesity Risks
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www.endotext.org/.../figures13/figure4.jpg
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Obesity Costs
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Shifting Gears. . .
Weight Gain in Athletes What is safe weight gain?
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Athletes Weight Gain

• Factors affecting weight gain
• Genetics
• Exercise
• Food Intake
• Rest Recovery

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Athletes Weight Gain

• Include progressive strength-training program
• Muscle gain is gradual
• Rarely more than 10 lbs/year
• Heredity is a limiting factor
• Thin family thin athlete (most of the time)
• Can gain strength, but maybe not as much size

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Athletes Weight Gain

• Energy Requirements
• Choose high energy, nutrient dense foods
• Increase portion size
• High energy foods first, soups/salads last
• 3 meals and 3 snacks per day

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Athletes Weight Gain

• High energy/nutrient dense foods
• Granola, shredded wheat
• High quality protein (chicken, poultry, soy)
• Starchy vegetables (peas, lima beans)
• Add powdered milk to fortified soy drinks
• Add fruit and granola to yogurt
• Snack on trail mix
• Many other options exist

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Athletes Weight Gain

• 500-1000 additional kcals/day for 0.5-1.0 kg/week
  gain
• Calories combined with strength training at least
  3xs week for increases in muscle mass
• Limit fat intake
• Carefully monitor caloric intake/expenditure

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Athletes Weight Gain

• Expected gains in muscle mass
• 20 gains in first year of training
• Subsequent years
• 1-3 per year
• Theoretically 75 lbs of lean tissue per year.
• 18.75-93.75 g lean tissue/day (20 protein)
• A rate producing 75 lbs cannot be sustained

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Athletes Weight Gain

• Carbohydrate consumption is crucial to gains
• Necessary fuel for training
• Restore muscle glycogen levels
• Protein needs are greater when energy intake is
  reduced

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Athletes Weight Gain

• Protein intake
• RDA recommendation of 0.8 gm/kg/day
• Not sufficient for athletic weight gains
• Study suggestions
• Strength/power athletes? 1.75-2.5 g/kg/day
• Endurance athletes ? 1.2-1.4 g/kg/day

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Athletes Weight Gain

• Recommendations for young athletes
• Eat consistently
• Eat larger portions
• Select higher calorie foods
• Drink juices and milk
• Protein drinks mainly provide calories
• Resistance training
• Hard work

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Athletes Weight Gain

• Recommendations for young athletes
• Physicals should include a weight history
• Needs for growth and development above athletic
  needs
• Male HS athletes not less than 7 body fat
• Start weight gain programs early to allow gradual
  gains
• Consult physician before beginning any program
• Avoid ergogenic aids/supplements

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Questions?