Retrieval

1
Retrieval

• Tuesday, 11/15/05

2
From last time

• Two types of models seek to explain how memories
  are stored
• Psychological models knowledge is organized
  according to a hierarchy or an interconnected
  network.

3
(No Transcript)
4
(No Transcript)
5
From last time

• Two types of models seek to explain how memories
  are stored
• Psychological models knowledge is organized
  according to a hierarchy or an interconnected
  network.
• Physiological models knowledge is represented
  by changes in the activity at synapses between
  neurons.

6
(No Transcript)
7
Retrieval

• What factors influence the process of retrieval?
• The distinctiveness of the memory
• Distinct events are usually better remembered.
• Lack of similarity to other memories reduces the
  chance of retrieving of an incorrect memory.

8

• Practice with retrieval
• Having engaged in previous retrieval of the same
  information facilitates retrieval.
• More frequent practice usually leads to more
  accurate retrieval.

9

• The effectiveness of the retrieval cues
• Associations preexisting associations between
  concepts can be used as retrieval cues.
• Cues present during encoding cues available at
  the time of encoding (context, internal states,
  cognitive operations, etc.) are often useful
  retrieval cues.

10

• Contextual learning memories can become
  associated with the contexts in which they are
  encoded.

11
Godden Baddeley (1975)Scuba Diving study
12

• State-dependent learning in some cases an
  internal state match between study and test
  facilitates retrieval.

13
Goodwin et al. (1969)Alcohol study
14
Eich et al. (1975)Marijuana study
15

• Mood-dependent recall the mood present during
  encoding can act as a retrieval cue during
  recall.
• If sad during encoding, recall is better when sad
  at test.
• If happy during encoding, recall is better when
  happy at test.

16
Eich Metcalfe (1989)Mood study
17

• Mood-congruent memory recall of happy memories
  is better when happy, and recall of sad memories
  is better when sad.
• Match between current state and the emotional
  content of the memories rather than the state
  present during encoding.

18
See you Thursday