The Organization of Life

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The Organization of Life

• Chapter 4

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Ecosystems

• Ecosystem- all the organisms living in an area
  together with their physical environment.
• Ecosystems are connected.
• When we try to pick out anything by itself, we
  find it hitched to everything else in the
  universe. John Muir

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Ecosystems
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Ecosystems

• Components of the ecosystem-
• Biotic- living or once living portion of an
  ecosystem.
• Abiotic- nonliving portion of the ecosystem.
• Ex.- Light, sand, rocks, air, water

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Ecosystems
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Ecosystem

• Components of an ecosystem-
• Organisms- an individual living thing.
• Species- a group of organisms that are closely
  related and that can mate to produce fertile
  offspring.
• Populations- all members of the same species that
  live in the same place.
• Communities- a group of various species that live
  in the same place and interact.

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Ecosystems
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Ecosystems

• Habitat- the place an organism lives.
• Niche- the role an organism plays in an
  ecosystem. What the organism does to survive and
  meet its needs.

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Ecosystems
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Evolution

• Evolution- genetic change over time.
• Darwin proposed that an environment exerts a
  strong influence over which individuals survive
  and reproduce.
• Natural selection- some individuals are more
  likely to survive and reproduce because of
  certain characteristics they have.

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Evolution
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Evolution
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Evolution

• Adaptation-an inherited trait that increases an
  organisms chance of survival and reproduction.
• Coevolution- the process of genetic change due to
  long term interaction between two organisms.

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Evolution

• Artificial selection- Human controlled breeding
  of organisms for specific traits.
• Wolves? Dogs
• Native grains ? Wheat

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Evolution

• Evolution of Resistance
• Resistance- the ability of one or more organisms
  to tolerate a particular chemical designed to
  kill it.
• Pesticide resistance

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Diversity of Living Things

• Learn this chart p. 102 in your textbook.

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Diversity of Living Things

• Bacteria
• Single celled
• Prokaryotic
• 2 kinds
• Archaebacteria and Eubacteria
• Break down waste, recycle materials, help with
  digestion in more complex organisms, cause
  illness

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Diversity of Living Things

• Fungi
• Eukaryote
• Have cell wall made of chitin
• Extracellular digestion
• Breakdown organic matter, recycle materials,
  cause disease, food for humans

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Diversity of Living Things

• Protist
• Eukaryote
• Very Diverse group
• Animal like- amoeba
• Plant like- kelp
• Fungus like
• Some cause disease- plasmodium malaria
• Plantlike protist (algae) make up the base of all
  aquatic food chains.

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Diversity of Living Things

• Plants
• Multi-celled eukaryotes
• Cells walls made of cellulose
• Photosynthesize
• Most have vascular tissue- a system of tubes that
  carry water and nutrients
• Nonvascular plants
• No vascular tissue
• Swimming sperm- require water for reproduction
• Ex.- ferns and club mosses

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Diversity of Life

• Plants-cont
• Gymnosperms
• Woody plants
• Seeds are not covered by fruits
• Produces pollen for reproduction- wind
• Ex.- conifers

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Diversity of Life

• Plants
• Angiosperms
• Flowering plants
• Seeds protected by fruit
• Produces pollen for reproduction- wind, insects,
  animals
• Most land plants are angiosperms

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Diversity of Life

• Animals
• Eukaryotic
• Heterotrophic- can not produce its own food
• Mobile

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Diversity of Life

• Invertebrates
• Lack backbones
• Ex- coral, octopus, insects

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Diversity of life

• Vertebrates
• Have backbone
• Land and water dwelling
• Warm blooded animals can survive cold climates
  (birds and mammals)