Social and Personality Development in Adolescence

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Social and Personality Development in Adolescence

• Chapter 12
• Robert S. Feldman

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Identity Asking "Who Am I?"

• Self consciousness takes center stage
• WHY?
• More like adults intellectually
• More like adults physically

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Self Concept What Am I Like?

• View broadens
• One's own assessment of who they are
• Others' views
• More organized and coherent
• View self in terms of traits and multiple aspects

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Self-esteem How Do I Like Myself?

• Increasingly accurate in understanding self
• Gender
• SES

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Influences on Self-Esteem

• Traditional research
• Prejudice is incorporated into minority
  adolescents' self-concepts
• Recent research
• African-American adolescents have same levels of
  self-esteem as Caucasians
• Strong racial identity is related to higher
  self-esteem levels

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Ethgender

• Joint influence of race and gender (ethgender)
• Findings indicate that
• African-American and Hispanic males had highest
  self-esteem
• Asian and Native American females had lowest
  levels

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Identity Formation Crisis or Change?

• IDENTITY-VERSUS-IDENTITY-CONFUSION STAGE
• _________ appropriate identity that sets
  foundation for future psychosocial development
• ________ sense of self is "diffuse with
  adoption of socially unacceptable roles

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Erikson Identity versus Confusion

• Psychological moratorium
• Experimentation period
• Probably no lasting, negative psychological
  affects
• Some benefits

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Societal Pressures and Reliance on Friends and
Peers

• Societal pressures high during identity versus
  identity confusion stage
• Difficult choices about future plans
• Gender differences

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Limitations of Eriksons Theory

• Male identity development used as standard
  against which to compare female identity
• Theory is in need of updating

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Marcias Approach to Identity Development

• Crisis or commitment
• 1) IDENTITY ACHIEVEMENT
• IDENTITY FORECLOSURE
• 3) IDENTITY DIFFUSION
• 4) MORATORIUM

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Identity, Race and Ethnicity

• Cultural assimilation model
• Pluralistic society model
• Bicultural identity

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Psychological Difficulties in Adolescence

• Depression and Suicide
• Incidence
• Causes
• Differences

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Adolescent Suicide

• Incidence
• Attempts
• Differences
• Other factors in adolescent suicide
• Depression
• Family conflicts
• History of abuse and/or neglect
• Drug and alcohol abuse

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Gender Differences in Depression

• Higher incidence among girls than boys
• Stress more pronounced for girls due to many,
  sometimes conflicting demands of traditional
  female gender role

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What contributes most to the increased suicide
rate among US adolescents today?
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Warning Signs

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The Informed Consumer of Development

• Preventing Adolescent Suicide
• Listen without judging
• Talk specifically about suicidal thoughts
• Evaluate the situation, trying to distinguish
  between general upset and more serious danger
• Be supportive, let the person know you care
• Take charge of finding help

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The Informed Consumer of Development

• Preventing Adolescent Suicide
• Make the environment safe
• Do not keep suicide talk or threats secret
• Do not challenge, dare, or use verbal shock
  treatment
• Make a contract with the person
• Dont be overly reassured by a sudden improvement
  of mood

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Family Ties Changing Relations with Relations

• Parental views questioned
• Role shifts
• Cultural factors

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The Quest for Autonomy

• Adolescents increasingly seek autonomy,
  independence and a sense of control
• Primary developmental task
• Grows gradually over course of adolescence
• Consists of changes in relational symmetry

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Culture and Autonomy

• Cultural and gender factors play an important
  role
• Western societies
• Asian societies
• Adolescents from different cultural backgrounds
  also vary in degree of felt family obligation
• In general, male adolescents are permitted more
  autonomy at earlier age than female adolescents

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The Myth of the Generation Gap

• GENERATION GAP
• Social, political, and religious issues
• Dress, music, friends
• Difference in values and attitudes between teens
  is greater than the difference between parent and
  teen.

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Conflicts with Parents

• Primary issues
• Cultural differences

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Relationships with Peers The Importance of
Belonging

• Peer relationships
• _____________________________
• Provide opportunity for social comparison and
  information
• Reference groups

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Cliques and Crowds Belonging to a Group

• Cliques
• Crowds
• Sex cleavage

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Race Segregation The Great Divide of Adolescence

• Adolescents of different ethnicities and races
  interact very little
• Decline begins in elementary school
• Why does racial and ethnic segregation often
  exist, even in schools that have been
  desegregated for some time?

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Popularity and Rejection

• Adolescent social world is complex
• High status categories
• Popular
• Controversial
• Low status categories
• Rejected
• Neglected

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Conformity Peer Pressure in Adolescence

• Susceptibility and conformity
• Few empirical studies
• Brown? how much pressure peers exerted
• Overall perception
• Gender differences
• Kinds of peer pressure

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From Research to PracticeKnow When to Fold em

• The Growing Problem of Online Gambling
• Adolescent gamblingespecially on card gamesis
  on rise
• Easy access to the Internet and its anonymity
  make online gambling a behavior in which it is
  easy to become involved and to keep secret from
  others

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Who are juvenile delinquents?

• _____________________DELINQUENTS
• ____________________ DELINQUENTS

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Dating Close Relationships in the 21st Century

• Dating
• Learning to establish intimacy
• Learning to engage in entertainment
• Shaping identity
• Cultural influences affect dating patterns

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What are the functions of dating?

• Pattern of __________ that lead to marriage
• Way to learn to establish ___________
• Mechanism to provide entertainment and prestige
• Resource to develop a sense of ones own
  _________________

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Dating and the Development of Psychological
Intimacy

• Dating in early and middle adolescence is not
  terribly successful at facilitating intimacy
• True intimacy becomes more common during later
  adolescence
• Gay and lesbian couples experience a variety of
  challenges related to dating

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Sexual Relationships

• Maturation of sexual organs
• Initiation into sexuality
• Masturbation
• Sexual intercourse

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Permissiveness with Affection

• In past, gender-related double standard for
  premarital sexual activity
• Today premarital intercourse is viewed as
  permissible for both men and women if it occurs
  in the context of long-term, committed, or loving
  relationship
• Significant cultural and subcultural variation
  about premarital sex

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Sexual Orientation Heterosexuality,
Homosexuality, and Bisexuality

• Sexual orientation questions occur at adolescence
• Heterosexuality
• Homosexuality
• Bisexuality

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What Determines Sexual Orientation?

• Genetic and biological factor
• Family and peers
• Conditioning

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What contributes to the decline in teenage
pregnancy?

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