Present Active Verbs

1
Present Active Verbs

• First and Second Conjugation

2
Implicit and Explicit Subjects

• For Latin verbs, there is always a built-in
  (implicit) subject, e.g., sum, I am amant,
  they love
• There is often an explicit subject as well. An
  explicit subject will be a noun separate from the
  verb, e.g., feminae amant, the women love

3
Principal Parts of the Verb

• Examples of principal parts of verbs in English
  think-thought-thought sing-sang-sung
• The first principal part of the verb in Latin is
  also the first-person singular present active
  form of the verb, e.g., amo, I love, habito, I
  live, cogito, I think

4
The Verb Stem

• For (finite) verbs there are two parts the stem
  and the personal ending.
• The stem is derived from the second principal
  part of the verb ( infinitive)

5
Determining the Verb Stem

• To determine the stem of a verb, drop the final
  re from the second principal part
• amo, amare ? amare ? amare ?
• stem ama
• moneo, monere ? monere ? monere ?
• stem mone

6
Conjugations

• As nouns are grouped into declensions, verbs are
  grouped into conjugations.
• The first and second conjugation are very
  similar, and their stems are derived by the same
  process described above.

7
Second Principal Part

• The 2d principal part of a 1st-conjugation verb
  ends in are
• The 2d principal part of a 2d-conjugation verb
  ends in ere
• Note the macron over the penultimate e in the
  infinitive of a second-conjugation verb is
  important to include. Without the macron, the
  verb appears to be third conjugation.

8
Personal Endings

• The personal endings are the same for both
  conjugations
• -o first person singular, I
• -s second person singular, you
• -t 3d person sg., she, he, it
• -mus 1st pl., we
• -tis 2d pl., you
• -nt 3d pl., they

9
Forming present-tense verbs

• the first principal part is also the first person
  singular just copy it
• get the stem from the second principal part,
  drop the final re
• to the stem, add the personal endings -s, -t,
  -mus, -tis, -nt

10
Example I

• amo, amare
• 1st person singular amo, I love
• Stem ama

11
Example Part II

• Stem ama
• 2d sg. ama s amas, you love
• 3d sg. ama t amat, she loves
• 1st pl. ama mus amamus, we love
• 2d pl. ama tis amatis, you love
• 3d pl. ama tis amant, they love

12
Example II

• moneo, monere
• 1st person singular moneo, I warn
• Stem mone

13
Example II Part II

• Stem mone
• 2d sg. mone s mones, you warn
• 3d sg. mone t monet , he warns
• 1st pl. monemus monemus , we warn
• 2d pl. mone tis monetis , you warn
• 3d pl. mone nt monent, they warn

14
Translating the Present Tense

• moneo
• I warn
• I am warning (present progressive)
• I do warn (present emphatic)

15
Present Tense of the Verb To Be

• The verb to be is irregular in all languages.
  (Cf. I am, you are, she is, we were, they have
  been.)
• It must simply be memorized.
• The first two principal parts are sum, esse

16
Present Forms of Sum, Esse

• Sum, I am
• Es, you sg. are
• Est, s/he is
• Sumus, we are
• Estis, yall are
• Sunt, they are

17
Similarity to Regular Verbs

• Sum, I am
• Es, you sg. are
• Est, s/he is
• Sumus, we are
• Estis, yall are
• Sunt, they are