European Plans for Operational Atmospheric Composition Monitoring

1
European Plans for Operational Atmospheric
Composition Monitoring

• Rose Munro (EUMETSAT)
• Jörg Langen (ESA)
• Yasjka Meijer (ESA)

2

• Global Monitoring for Environment and Security
• GMES Objective
• GMES Service Development
• GMES Atmosphere Service
• GMES Space Component

3
Global Monitoring for Environment and Security
GMES Objective to provide, on a sustained basis,
reliable and timely services related to
environmental and security issues in support of
public policy makers needs

• GMES Global Monitoring for Environment and
  Security (GMES) is a joint initiative of the
  European Union and the European Space Agency
  (ESA)
• Represents a concerted effort to bring data and
  information providers together with users
• Make environmental and security-related
  information available to the people who need it
  through enhanced or new services
• European Contribution to the Global Earth
  Observing System of Systems (GEOSS)

4
GMES Service Development

• Integrated approach combining models, in-situ,
  and satellite data
• Three fast track services Emergency Response,
  Land Monitoring Marine
• Pilot GMES Atmosphere Service under development
• Service Implementation Groups advise EC with
  working groups on
• Scope
• Architecture
• In-situ component
• Space component

5
GMES Atmosphere Service Components

• Air Quality
• monitoring of global and European atmospheric
  composition and provision of historic records ?
  threshold exceedance warning, development of
  effective air pollution abatement
• integrated global, European local air quality
  analysis forecast ? traffic regulation, air
  quality alerts, support to health services,
  extreme events
• Climate Forcing
• improved and sustained monitoring of the state of
  the climate system (surface and upper air
  meteorology and composition) and its variability
  ? rapid response to extreme weather events and
  natural catastrophes
• integrated global, European and regional
  concentration fields of key greenhouse gases
  (CO2, CH4 and related tracers) enabling
  determination of sources and sinks ? support to
  emission and sink verification and mitigation
  policy
• Stratospheric Ozone and Solar Radiation
• improved and sustained monitoring of the current
  status and trends in stratospheric ozone
  depletion and ozone depleting gases
• routine provision of updated ozone, UV and solar
  radiation maps and forecasts

6
GMES Space Component

• Sentinel-1 C-band interferometric radar mission
• Sentinel-2 multispectral optical imaging mission
• Sentinel-3 altimeter and wide-swath low-medium
  resolution optical and infrared radiometers
• Sentinel-4, -5 two families of atmospheric
  chemistry monitoring missions, one on
  geostationary (Sentinel-4) and one on low
  Earth orbit (Sentinel-5)
• Sentinels 45 will support the GMES Atmosphere
  Service

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Main Gaps in Current / Planned Operational System

• High temporal and spatial resolution space-based
  measurements of tropospheric (PBL) composition
  for application to air quality
• Climate gases (CO2, CH4 and precursor CO) and
  aerosol monitoring with sensitivity to the PBL
• High vertical resolution measurements in the
  UT/LS region for ozone and climate applications

8
Mission Concepts

• Mission concept for climate protocol monitoring
  (lower troposphere) and air quality applications
• Instrumentation
• UV-VIS-NIR-SWIR spectrometer for O3, NO2, SO2,
  H2CO, CH4, CO, aerosol
• thermal IR sounder for O3, CO and CH4 profiles
  and HNO3
• cloud imager
• System Sentinel 4 GEO platform (Europe,
  reduced set of species)
• Sentinel 5 sun-synchronous LEO platform
• Note A Sentinel 5 precursor with a launch
  date of 2014 is also planned to ensure data
  continuity and to support development of
  operational services

9
Mission Concepts

• Mission concept for ozone and climate
  applications in the UTLS
• Instrumentation options
• either mm-wave (MASTER derivative) or mid-IR
  (AMIPAS derivative) limb-sounder
• System sun-synchronous LEO platform
• Maturation of application to be pursued.
• Choice of instrument type open.
• Mission to be considered after clarification of
  these points.

10
GAS Implementation Group WG 4 Recommendations
(Space)

• Sentinel 4 will be a realised as
• addition of a UVN spectrometer on the EUM MTG-S
  platforms (2018)
• utilisation of TIR data from the EUM IR sounder
  onboard the same platforms and
• utilisation of imager data from the EUM MTG-I
  platforms (2015)
• Sentinel 5 will consist of
• a UVNS spectrometer embarked on the EUM post-EPS
  platforms (2020)
• implementation of the Sentinel 5 IR sounding
  requirements in addition to meteorological
  requirements for the EUM post-EPS IR sounder and
• utilisation of EUM post-EPS imager data.
• Additionally a UVNS spectrometer (precursor of
  Sentinel-5) is required in a polar orbit
  complementary to MetOp, with afternoon equator
  crossing time

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• Future EUMETSAT Missions
• Meteosat Third Generation (MTG)
• Post-EPS
• Relationship to Sentinels 45

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Meteosat Third Generation (MTG) (GEO)

• Identification of user requirements supported by
  a User Consultation Process, also addressing
  atmospheric chemistry
• Based on the assessment of the capabilities of
  observing techniques there were five candidate
  observation missions identified for MTG
• High Resolution Fast Imagery (HRFI) mission
• Full Disk High Spectral Imagery (FDHSI) mission
• Infrared Sounding (IRS) mission
• Lightning Imagery (LI) mission
• UV-VIS Sounding (UVS) mission
• For further information see
• www.eumetsat.int ? Home ? Main What_We_Do ?
  Satellites ? Future_Satellites ?
  Meteosat_Third_Generation

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Post-EPS (EUMETSAT Polar System) (LEO)

• Application Expert Groups convened to analyse the
  needs of EUMETSAT users in the 2020 timeframe ?
  User needs documented in 5 position papers
• Atmospheric Chemistry
• Atmospheric Sounding and Wind Profiling
• Climate Monitoring
• Cloud, Precipitation and Large Scale Land Surface
  Imaging
• Ocean Surface Topography and Imaging
• Mission Requirements Document (MRD) includes
  Infra-Red Sounding, UV-Visible-SWIR, Limb MM-Wave
  Infra-Red and 3MI missions
• For further information see www.eumetsat.int ?
  Home ? Main What_We_Do ? Satellites ?
  Future_Satellites ? Post-EPS

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Relation to GMES Sentinels 45 Requirements
Analysis

• Requirements harmonisation process aimed to
  achieve convergence between Sentinel 45 and MTG
  and post-EPS requirements ? level of commonality
  high
• MTG and Sentinel 4 (GEO)
• For MTG some differences remain between Sentinel
  -4 UVS and MTG UVS specifications, most notably
  related to spatial coverage requirements
• The MTG Infra-Red Sounder (IRS) primarily targets
  meteorological applications and the Sentinel -4
  IRS purely atmospheric chemistry applications ?
  as a result there are differences in requirements
  specification
• Post-EPS and Sentinel 5 (LEO)
• High degree of convergence achieved ? no
  significant differences remain
• Current specification assures continuity with
  EPS.
• Limb MM-Wave Infra-Red instruments not
  currently included in the Sentinel 45 MRD
• IRS requirements for Atmospheric Chemistry in the
  post-EPS framework have priority 2 relative to
  all other candidate Missions for post-EPS

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Relation to GMES Sentinels 45 Schedule

• MTG versus Sentinel 4
• With the MTG twin-satellite configuration there
  is now a possibility to embark a UVS mission
  similar to the UVS studied during MTG Phase 0
  (payload mass 140 kg)
• Final decision to embark Sentinel 4 on the MTG
  sounding satellites has to be taken in late
  summer 2008 together with the definition of the
  MTG payload complement

• Post-EPS versus Sentinel 5
• UVNS mission will be studied in the Sentinel 45
  context at payload level at most only
  accommodation/system level issues considered in
  the post-EPS study the IRS will be studied in
  the frame of post-EPS
• Final decision to embark Sentinel-5 on the
  Post-EPS has to be taken by end of 2009 (or early
  2010) together with the definition of the
  Post-EPS payload complement.

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Relation to GMES Sentinels 45 Scientific
Activities

• The ESA scientific study Observation Techniques
  and Mission Concepts for Atmospheric Chemistry
  (CAMELOT) is currently running in parallel to the
  Sentinel -4 and -5 industrial studies with the
  aim of providing further scientific advice and
  support to the industrial teams on implementation
  of critical requirements, orbit trade-offs, and
  other related issues
• Additionally, ESA funding available for an air
  quality impact study and a limb-sounding study
• Completed MTG studies also relevant
• EUMETSAT can run additional science studies to
  support the process as necessary

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• Sentinel 4
• Mission Objectives
• Spectral Characteristics
• Spatial Coverage

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Sentinel 4 Mission Objectives

• Sentinel-4 will be focussed on air quality
• Main data products ? O3, NO2, SO2, HCHO and
  aerosol optical depth
• The specific objective is to support air quality
  monitoring and forecast over Europe with high
  revisit time (1 hour) for the period of time
  between 2017 and 2032

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Sentinel 4 Spectral Characteristics
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Sentinel 4 Spatial and Temporal Sampling

• Repeat cycle lt 1 hour with a goal of 0.5 hr
• Spatial sampling distance at 45N, 0E lt8km
• Spatial Coverage (acquisition is only required in
  the sunlit part of the orbit whenever the Sun
  Zenith Angle at the observed spatial sample is
  lt92º and the Observation Zenith Angle is lt75º)

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Conclusions

• Atmospheric Chemistry requirements are an
  essential element in the implementation of future
  European GEO/LEO missions
• ESA EUMETSAT have taken all necessary steps
  with the EC to ensure accommodation of GMES S4 on
  MTG, with full support of ESA EUMETSAT
  Delegations
• MTG Ground Segment will provide all necessary
  processing elements and data dissemination
  capabilities
• Same approach has been taken for GMES Sentinel 5

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Additional slides
23
GMES Atmosphere Service

• Core services
• Standard operational products and information
  services providing direct support to European
  policy and information on global issues
• Sustained public funding (EU Member States)
• Pilot service GMES Atmospheric Service (GAS)
  EU FP7 activity MACC to start 2009 negotiation
  ongoing
• Precursor / development activities GEMS (EU FP6
  Integrated Project), PROMOTE (ESA GMES Service
  Element)
• Downstream services
• Targeted services that address specific user
  requirements, or trans-national, national,
  regional or local problems
• EU not directly driving the service and not
  responsible for service requirements
• Use core service data as input
• Call to be issued
• Precursor / development activities PROMOTE,
  national developments

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Core Service Components

• Air quality
• integrated global and European air quality
  analysis
• integrated global and European air quality
  forecast
• historic records of Global and European
  atmospheric composition
• Climate forcing
• improved and sustained monitoring of the state of
  the climate system (surface and upper air
  meteorology and composition) and its variability
• integrated global, European and regional
  concentration fields of key greenhouse gases
  (CO2, CH4 and related tracers) enabling
  determination of sources and sinks
• Stratospheric ozone and solar radiation
• improved and sustained monitoring of the current
  status and trends in stratospheric ozone
  depletion and ozone depleting gases
• routine provision of updated ozone, UV and solar
  radiation maps and forecasts
• historic European UV and solar radiation records
  and mapping

25
Examples of Downstream Services

• Air Quality
• local air quality forecasts, e.g. as input to
  traffic regulation
• Improved air-quality-related alerts and forecasts
  for health services supporting vulnerable
  communities (COPD, asthma, pollen-induced
  allergies)
• daily compliance with air-quality legislation
  (threshold exceedance warning)
• support to development of effective air pollution
  abatement measures through proper apportionment
  of sources and assessment of impacts (human
  exposure) etc
• forecasts for extreme events involving the
  combined effects of heat stress, high UV-B
  exposure and poor air quality
• Climate Change
• information for rapid response to extreme weather
  events and natural catastrophes
• identification, assessment and monitoring of
  regional/local sources and sinks of greenhouse
  gases and pollutants and related tracers in
  support of emission and sink verification and
  mitigation policy.
• Stratospheric Ozone and Solar Radiation
• surface UV-radiation monitoring and forecasting
• personalized skin-type specific UV information

26
Environmental Themes, Data Usage and Services
27
Geographical Coverage Requirements
Ozone Layer global Surface UV
radiation threshold Europe
surrounding areas (e.g. monitoring of EC
directives and national AQ legislation,
short-term air quality forecast) Air
Quality target global (monitoring,
assessment and forecast of global air
quality, the oxidising capacity, and the
quantification of continental in/outflow)
Climate global
A B C
1 A1 B1 C1
2 A2 B2 C2
3 A3 B3 C3
A B C
1 A1 B1 C1
2 A2 B2 C2
3 A3 B3 C3
A B C
1 A1 B1 C1
2 A2 B2 C2
3 A3 B3 C3
28
Camelot Study
Consortium KNMI lead SRON RAL Univ. of
Leicester FMI BIRA-IASB IFAC-CNR Noveltis Univ
. of Köln Duration April 07 April 09
29
Camelot Study - Objectives

• complementation of existing geophysical
  observation requirements with meteorological and
  possibly other auxiliary data requirements and
  delivery time requirements
• contributions to trade-offs among different
  observation principles for several chemical
  species and parameters
• derivation of comprehensive instrument
  performance requirements from the geophysical
  observation requirements with previously
  identified observation principles
• quantification of the effects of cloud
  interference as a function of geophysical and
  observational parameters
• contributions to the trade-off between orbit
  scenarios
• support to parallel Sentinel 45 phase 0 and
  phase A system studies
• recommendations for changes and additions to the
  MRD

30
Major Sentinel 45 MRD References

• EU documents on GAS
• GAS Orientation paper and workshop report,
  12/2006
• FP7 Cooperation Work Programme Space, 6/2007
• GAS IG WG4 Draft Report and Summary, 3/2008
• GAS precursor projects
• FP7 Integrated Project GEMS
• GMES Service Element PROMOTE
• Environment and climate protection protocols
• Vienna convention Montreal protocol, UNFCCC
  Kyoto protocol
• UNECE CLRTAP, EU directives
• Related work on observation requirements
• IGOS-IGACO Theme report
• GCOS implementation plan
• WCRP-SPARC long-term observation requirements
• EU GMES-GATO report
• EU FP projects, e.g. Create-Daedalus, Evergreen
• Eumetsat user consultation and studies in the
  frame of MTG / post-EPS
• ESA studies on CO2 monitoring
• ESA study on atmospheric chemistry observation
  requirements

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Assessment of Existing and Planned Missions (1/4)

• A. Research missions
• Envisat, Aura, Odin, Scisat, Mopitt (ongoing)
• OCO, Gosat (2009)
• Wealth of data for science
• Advanced stratospheric component
• Pathfinders for tropospheric applications
• Main deficiencies
• Temporal resolution, horizontal sampling /
  coverage in nadir
• Vertical resolution in limb
• All expected to stop 2014, no new plans

32
Assessment of Existing and Planned Missions (2/4)

• B. Operational missions
• MetOp 2006 GOME-2, IASI
• NPP / NPOESS 2009/13 OMPS, CRIS
• MTG 2017 IRS
• post-EPS 2019 IRS
• OMPS
• designed for stratospheric ozone monitoring
• considered appropriate for this purpose OMPS
  also limb
• some contribution to NWP
• contributions to tropospheric applications
  limited, due to insufficient temporal sampling
  ( 1/week/geo-location cloud-free) and too coarse
  horizontal resolution
• OMPS not expected to deliver useful
  tropospheric data (spectral coverage and
  resolution, SNR)

33
Assessment of Existing and Planned Missions (3/4)

• B. Operational missions (contd)
• MetOp 2006 GOME-2, IASI
• NPP / NPOESS 2009/13 OMPS, CRIS
• MTG 2017 IRS
• post-EPS 2019 IRS
• GOME-2
• target species O3 profile, total column O3,
  NO2, tropospheric NO2, SO2, HCHO, BrO, aerosol
  optical depth, clear sky UV index, UV including
  clouds and surface albedo
• contributes to NWP
• spatial resolution (40 km x 80 km) not optimal
  for tropospheric applications
• near-daily coverage (1920km swath)

34
Assessment of existing and planned missions (4/4)

• B. Operational missions (contd)
• Infrared Sounders
• IASI
• chemical products H2O, O3, CH4, N2O, CO, HNO3,
  SO2
• H2O vertical profiles some vertical info for
  tropospheric O3, CO
• Post-EPS IRS
• instrument not yet defined (phase 0 starting)
• primary Eumetsat objective for IRS is NWP
• secondary Eumetsat objective for IRS is air
  quality / chemistry-climate interaction
  (requirements harmonised with S45)
• CRIS
• met instrument (low spectral resolution)
  chemistry limited
• MTG IRS
• limited contribution assessment vis-à-vis
  S45 requirements ongoing

35
Main Gaps in Current / Planned Operational System

• High temporal and spatial resolution space-based
  measurements of tropospheric (PBL) composition
  for application to air quality
• Climate gases (CO2, CH4 and precursor CO) and
  aerosol monitoring with sensitivity to the PBL
• High vertical resolution measurements in the
  UT/LS region for ozone and climate applications

A B C
1 A1 B1 C1
2 A2 B2 C2
3 A3 B3 C3
A B C
1 A1 B1 C1
2 A2 B2 C2
3 A3 B3 C3
A B C
1 A1 B1 C1
2 A2 B2 C2
3 A3 B3 C3
36
Carbon Dioxide

• CO2 mission for Kyoto protocol verification
• Severe random and systematic measurement error
  requirements
• Uncertainties of inverse modelling (transport PBL
  free troposphere)
• Uncertainties in modelling of natural surface
  fluxes
• CO2 considered immature for operational
  mission as recognised by
• dedicated ESA study (CNRS-LSCE et al.)
• Capacity study consortium
• Post-EPS atmospheric chemistry AEG.
• CO2 mission on natural surface fluxes
• First significant results from AIRS and Sciamachy
  available
• Dedicated research missions to come (OCO, Gosat)
• Very demanding specs ? a mission of its own
• Advanced mission being investigated in Earth
  Explorer programme

37
EUMETSAT Objectives Mission
Objectives

• The primary objective is to establish, maintain
  and exploit European systems of operational
  meteorological satellites.
• A further objective is to contribute to the
  operational monitoring of the climate as well
  as the detection of global climatic changes.
• Furthermore, environmental issues which drive or
  are driven by meteorological conditions are
  considered.

Mission

• To deliver operational satellite data and
  products that satisfy the meteorological and
  climate data requirements of its Member States -
  24 hours a day, 365 days a year, through decades.
• This is carried out according to the
  recommendations of the World Meteorological
  Organization (WMO).

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The EUMETSAT Application Ground Segment
Systems of the EUM/NOAA Cooperation
Data Acquisition and Control
EUM Geostationary Systems
other data sources
Data Processing EUMETSAT HQ
Application Ground Segment
Archive Retrieval Facility (U-MARF) EUMETSAT HQ
Meteorological Products Extraction EUMETSAT HQ
Centralised processing and generation of products
Decentralised processing and generation of
products
USERS
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EUMETSAT Space Segment Overview
40
Meteosat Third Generation (MTG)

• The UVS mission was studied at instrument level
  only (not at system level) during pre-Phase A
  activities but not studied further
• Decision endorsed by Council, however, Council
  also tasked EUM to coordinate with ESA for
  Implementation of the UVS within GMES, preserving
  the role of EUM as Operator. This is reflected in
  the agreed approach for MTG for the ESA C-MIN-08.
• Twin satellite configuration also endorsed by
  EUMETSAT council with the second platform the
  MTG-S carrying the IRS
• With this, a UVS Mission (as Sentinel 4) shall be
  accommodated within the design margins offered by
  the MTG Sounding Satellites
• The IRS primarily targets meteorological
  applications but is also expected to provide
  information on O3 and CO.

41
Relation to GMES Sentinels 45 Context

• Following decisions taken at the 60th EUMETSAT
  Council (December 2006)
• It is recognised that MTG and post-EPS
  atmospheric chemistry requirements shall be
  implemented in the context of GMES
• "According to current plans Sentinels-4 and -5
  will be implemented as additional payloads on
  the Eumetsat MTG and post-EPS missions, and will
  be operated by Eumetsat as part of the overall
  MTG and post-EPS management procedures.
• Similar decisions taken at ESA PBEO in September
  2006
• ESA-EUMETSAT Working Assumptions on GMES
  Sentinels-4 and -5 finalised for presentation to
  EUMETSAT Council and ESA PB-EO by end of 2007,
  confirmed in 2008 and in use for preparation of
  C-MIN-08.

42
Post EPS Atmospheric Chemistry MissionApproach
to Generating Requirements

• Generated by a dedicated Application Expert Group
  (AEG)
• Heritage
• Integrated Global Atmospheric Chemistry
  Observations (IGACO) Report from the IGOS
  Atmospheric Chemistry Theme Partners
• ESA commissioned CAPACITY study to define the
  Geophysical Data Requirements for an Operational
  Atmospheric Chemistry Monitoring Mission
• Requirements specified for satellite observations
  only
• Prioritisation per application remaining aware of
  observing feasibility

43
Post-EPS Atmospheric Chemistry Mission User
Data Requirements Tables

• Ozone Surface UV
• Priority 1 (protocol/forecast) O3
  stratosphere/UT profile column
• Priority 2 (assessment) stratospheric ClO, BrO,
  HNO3 aerosol (heterogeneous chemistry)
• Composition Climate Interaction
• Priority 1 O3 H2O profiles trop CH4
  (emissions)
• Priority 2 CO2 (emissions) trop CO NO2
  (chemistry) stratospheric N2O/CH4
  (circulation) AOD cirrus
• Pollution Air Quality
• Priority 1 (regulation/AQ index) O3, NO2, CO,
  SO2, AOD
• Priority 2 (forecast) H2O, H2CO, aerosol type

44
Post-EPS Atmospheric Chemistry Candidate Missions

• Considering data reqs for the three applications
  and drawing on the extensive assessment of
  observing techniques for CAPACITY, four main
  candidate missions proposed for atmospheric
  chemistry applications
• Nadir-viewing uv-swir and ir spectrometers
  complementary in (a) near-surface sensitivity and
  (b) detectable constituents
• Requirements for near-surface observations of
  trace gases and aerosol addressed by this
  combination
• Limb-viewing mm-wave and IR spectrometers
  complementary in (a) cirrus sensitivity and (b)
  detectable constituents
• Requirements for vertical profiling addressed
  optimally by combination of limb- and
  nadir-sounding

45
Overall Status
46
Recommendations for Use of Existing
Infrastructure Assets

• GAS WG 4 recommends that
• Use of existing data dissemination
  infrastructure, such as EUMETCast and GEONETCast,
  should be encouraged, especially for GAS near
  real time applications
• Existing assets such as the Climate Monitoring
  and Ozone / Atmospheric Chemistry SAFs
  established by EUMETSAT contribute to the GAS
  provision as needed.