IET 222 COMMERCIAL ARCHITECTURE DESIGN

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Construction Materials
Unit 9
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Unit 9Construction Materials
page 93
Learning Objectives

• Identify the basic components of concrete
• Explain different types of masonry brick, block,
  and mortar
• Classify wood as hardwood or softwood

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Unit 9Construction Materials
page 93
Learning Objectives continued

• Recognize different structural steel shapes

• Describe various types of glass, plastic, and
  insulation
• Identify symbols representing materials on a
  drawing

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Concrete
Unit 9 page 93

• one of the oldest building materials
• used by the Romans - 100 B.C.
• cement, aggregates, water

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Concrete
Unit 9 page 93

• when first mixed it is plastic
• hardening caused by chemical reaction between the
  cementwhen water is added
• set in 2 - 12 hours
• held in place by forms

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Types of Cement
Unit 9 page 93

• Portland cement
• white
• colored
• Low heat of hydration
• High early strength

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CEMENT TYPES ASTM C 150

• TYPE I
• TYPE II
• TYPE III
• TYPE IV
• TYPE V

• normal cement
• moderate sulfate resistance
• high early strength
• low heat of hydration
• high sulfate resistance

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CONCRETE
CEMENT
ENTRAINED ENTRAINED
10
5
WATER
15
Mixture
Proportions
25
FINE AGGREGATE (SAND)
45
COARSE AGGREGATE
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Concrete Mixes

• produced to meet a desired result
• mixed by volume with enough water to make the
  concrete flow into the forms
• too much water will reduce the strength of the
  concrete
• water / cement - w/c ratio

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Reinforced Concrete
Unit 9 page 94

• concrete is great in compressive strength but
  very poor in tensile strength
• reinforcing steel overcomes the weak tensile
  strength
• bars with deformation
• bars are placed prior to the concrete being placed

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Reinforced Concrete
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Concrete Construction
Unit 9 pages 94-95

• Precast - cast at factory
• Cast-in-Place - cast at job site
• Prestressed
• Pretensioned - prior to placing concrete
• Posttensioned - after placing concrete

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Posttensioning
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Masonry
Unit 9 page 95

• building modular units
• brick
• tile
• glass
• gypsum
• stone - not always modular

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Stone Masonry
Unit 9 page 96

• granite
• limestone
• marble
• sandstone
• fieldstone
• slate
• cut stone - removed from quarry

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Brick Masonry
Unit 9 page 96

• adobe
• kiln-burned
• sand-lime
• concrete
• building brick
• face brick
• glazed brick
• fire brick
• paving brick

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Mortar
Unit 9 page 96

• Type M
• high compressive good durability
• Type S
• high strength, strong bond
• Type N
• medium strength, general use
• Type O
• low strength, interior use
• Type K
• very low strength, interior use

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Structural Clay Tile
Unit 9 page 97

• open cell
• various sizes shapes
• load-bearing
• backup for curtain walls
• fireproofing around structural steel

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CMUConcrete Masonry Units
Unit 9 page 97

• widely used in building construction
• made of cement, sand, gravel expanded shale,
  pumice
• various size shapes
• 7 5/8x7 5/8x15 5/8 actual size
• add 3/8 mortar joint 8x8x16

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Gypsum Blocks
Unit 9 page 97

• made of gypsum a binder of vegetable fiber or
  wood chips
• interior nonbearing walls
• fire-resistant partitions
• face size of 12 x 30 come in thickness of 2,
  3, 4, 6

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Gypsum Wall Board Plaster
Unit 9 pages 97-98

• made of air-entrained gypsum between two layers
  of treated paper
• typical size 4 x 8 sheets

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Wood Products
Unit 9 page 98

• chief building material used today
• wood classifications
• hardwoods
• softwoods

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Hardwoods
Unit 9 page 98

• ash
• ash-white
• beech
• birch
• cherry
• elm
• gum

• hickory
• mahogany
• maple
• oak
• walnut

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Softwoods
Unit 9 page 98

• cypress
• fir, douglas
• fir, white
• hemlock
• pine, ponderosa
• pine, southern

• pine, white
• poplar, yellow
• red cedar, eastern
• red cedar, western
• redwood
• spruce

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Lumber
Unit 9 page 98

• lumber is classified rough-sawn or surfaced
  to be sized

• rough-sawn has been cut to rough size but not
  dressed or surfaced

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Lumber continued
Unit 9 page 98

• lumber is classified rough-sawn or surfaced
  to be sized

• surfaced lumber has been dressed or finished to
  size by running through a planer
• S2S, S4S refers to number of sides finished

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Plywood
Unit 9 page 98

• made of several layers with grain _at_ right angles
  on each layer
• odd number are glued to make faces run in same
  direction
• panels are finished to 1/8 to over 1 in
  thickness
• typically 4 x 8 panels

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Plywood
Unit 9 page 98

• interior plywood
• water-resistant glue
• cabinets, interior flooring
• exterior plywood
• waterproof glue
• exterior wall sheathing
• roof sheathing
• concrete forms

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Glue-Laminated Timber
Unit 9 page 98

• bonding layers of lumber with adhesives
• wood beams
• arches
• many sizes
• prefabricated at factory

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Glue-Laminated Timber
Unit 9 page 98 Figure 9 - 6
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Metal Products
Unit 9 page 99

• used extensively in construction
• structural steel
• metal windows
• doors
• metal studs
• look around

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Structural Steel
Unit 9 page 99

• is a term applied to hot-rolled steel sections,
  shapes, plates
• formed by hot steel strips (billets, blooms, /or
  slabs)
• run through succession of rollers, gradually
  forming the shape
• see Figure 9-7
• available in many sizes shapes

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Structural Steeltypical designations

• for wide flange
• W12x16 - indicates a beam 12 deep that weighs
  16/LF
• for angles
• L3x3x1/2 - indicates both legs 3 by 1/2 thick

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Structural Steel
W8x24
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Structural Steel
Unit 9 page 100 Figure 9 - 8
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Structural Steel
Unit 9 page 100 Figure 9 - 8
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Welded Wire Fabric
Unit 9 pages 99-101

• indicated by WWF
• prefabricated material used mostly in concrete
  slabs, floors, pipe
• consists of a mesh steel wires welded together
• smooth W or deformed D

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Welded Wire Fabric
Unit 9 pages 99-101

• designation numbers
• 6x6-W1.4xW1.4

6x6 wire spacing
W smooth wire
1.4 gage of wire
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Welded Wire Fabric
Unit 9 page 102
Figure 9 - 12
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Welded Wire Fabric
Unit 9 page 102 Figure 9 - 11
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Welded Wire Fabric
slab section
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Glass
Unit 9 pages 101-103

• ceramic material formed at temperatures above
  2300ºF
• made from sand (silica) soda (sodium oxide) and
  lime (calcium oxide)

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Glass
Unit 9 pages 101-103

• float glass
• continuous ribbon of molten glass flows out of
  furnace
• and floats on a bath of molten tin
• fire polished annealed
• 90 of the glass is float

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Glass
Unit 9 pages 101-103

• sheet glass - window glass
• SS - single strength 3/32 or 1/8
• DS - double strength 3/16 - 7/16
• plate glass - heat treated polished
• bent glass - heated and pressed over a form

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Glass
Unit 9 page 102

• safety glass
• tempered glass - heat annealed glass to near
  melting point then chill rapidly
• creating high compression on the exterior surface
  high tension internally
• shatters into small pieces
• can not be cut, drilled, or ground

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Glass
Unit 9 pages 102-103

• safety glass
• laminated glass - consist of layers of vinyl
  between sheets of glass. . .bonded by heat
  pressure
• the glass when struck broken is held together
  by the plastic

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Glass
Unit 9 page 103

• safety glass
• wire glass - wire mesh molded into the center
• when broken the wire holds the glass together
• can be obtained with etched finish, sandblasted,
  or patterned

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Glass
Unit 9 page 103

• insulated glass - glass separated by an air space
  that is dehydrated sealed.
• good insulators against heat or cold

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Glass
Unit 9 page 103

• patterned glass - sheet glass with pattern rolled
  into one or both sides
• used to diffuse light or provide privacy

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Glass
Unit 9 page 103

• stained glass - sometimes called art or cathedral
  glass
• produced by adding metallic oxides to the glass
  while in its molten state
• cut to design leaded together to create stained
  glass windows

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Ceramic Tile
Unit 9 page 103

• ceramic tile - used on floors walls
• glazed or unglazed
• mosaic tile - used to make design patterns
• quarry tile - wear resistant
• fired-clay tile - used for floor coverings

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Ceramic Tile
Unit 9 page 103

• tiles are set in
• portland cement
• latex adhesives
• epoxy mortar

• joints between tiles
• grouted with mortar
• may vary in color

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Plastics
Unit 9 page 103

• have many uses
• counter tops
• door veneer
• texture on surfaces
• gutters
• pipes

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Insulation
Unit 9 pages 103 - 104

• used to reduce heat transmission
• R-value
• resistance to heat transfer
• flexible
• loose-fill
• reflective
• rigid
• structural
• nonstructural

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Insulation
Unit 9 pages 103 - 104
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Material Symbols
Unit 9 page 105 Figure 9 - 15
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Material Symbols
Unit 9 page 105 Figure 9 - 15
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Test Your Knowledge

• take 10 minutes to complete the test on page 106

END OF UNIT 9