Farming

1
Industrial Symbiosis The Example of Kalundborg
Gyproc A/Splasterboardplant
Liquid fertilizerproduction
Statoilrefinery
Sulfur
Gas (back-up)
Gypsum
District heatingfor Kalundborg
Steam
Lake Tissø
Steam
Energy E2Asnæspower station
Ni and Vrecovery
Cementor roads
Heat
Fish farming
Fly ash
Steam
Sludge
Novo Nordisk Novozymes A/SPharmaceuticals
Wastewatertreatmentplant
SoilremA/S
Sludge
Farming
Yeast
Sludge
2
Flue Gas Desulphurization CaCO3 SO2 ½O2
2H2O ? CaSO4.2H2O CO2
Gypsum
Calcium Carbonate
Sulfur Dioxide
Firm 1
Waste Management
Waste Processing
Firm 2
Original (Virgin) Input
Exchange is mutually beneficial if waste
management cost savings are larger than the cost
difference between using original and alternative
production input
3
Industrial Ecology and Environmental
Policy Example WEEE and ROHS Directive
4
Material Flow Perspective of Pollution Prevention

• If pollution is caused by material flows, its
  prevention is also a material issue
• There are essentially three ways to reduce or
  prevent pollution
• Dematerialization (less material per economic
  output)
• Material substitution (different material)
• Reuse recycling (use material and value-added
  several times)

5
Societal Responses to Pollution Problems
Foul and Flee
Dilute and Disperse
Concentrate and Contain

• Pollution control remediation (end-of-pipe
  technology)
• Convert wastes and emissions into a less harmful
  form
• Move wastes and missions to a less harmful
  location

6
Material Flows and Environmental Pollution
Material Inputs Products Wastes Emissions
Air emissions
Production Process
Products
Raw materials energy
Solid wastes
Waste water
7
Pollution control of waste water and air
emissions
Mass balance principle (example FGD) CaCO3 SO2
½O2 2H2O ? CaSO4.2H2O CO2 2nd law of
thermodynamics
Air emissions
Production Process
Products
Raw materials energy
Solid wastes
Waste water
8
Material Flow Analysis and Pollution
Material inputs Products Wastes Emissions
Air emissions
Production Process
Products
Raw materials energy
Solid wastes
Waste water
9
Pollution control of solid waste
Mass balance principle 2nd law of thermodynamics
Air emissions
Production Process
Products
Raw materials energy
Solid wastes
Waste water
10
Pollution prevention reduces emissions and wastes
of a production and consumptionsystem
Air emissions
Production Process
Products
Raw materials energy
Solid wastes
Waste water
11
Pollution prevention reduces emissions and wastes
of a production and consumptionsystem by
modifying the production process
Air emissions
Modified Production Process
Products
Raw materials energy
Solid wastes
Waste water
12
Pollution prevention reduces emissions and wastes
of a production and consumptionsystem by
modifying the production process and/or the
product design
Air emissions
Modified Production Process
Products
Raw materials energy
Solid wastes
Waste water
13
The Development of Environmental Policy
1970s - Introduction of environmental
regulations (single process, single site and
single medium)
1990 - Integrated pollution control(single
process, single site, all mediums)
1999 - Integrated pollution prevention and
control (whole environmental performance of a
plant)
2004 - Integrated product policy (adoption of
life cycle perspective)
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From Pollution Control to Pollution Prevention
In the USA

• Pollution prevention (P2) is reducing or
  eliminating waste at the source by
• modifying production processes,
• promoting the use of non-toxic or less-toxic
  substances,
• implementing conservation techniques, and
• re-using materials rather than putting them into
  the waste stream

• Under Section 6602 (b) of the Pollution
  Prevention Act of 1990, Congress established
  that
• pollution should be prevented or reduced at the
  source whenever feasible
• pollution that cannot be prevented should be
  recycled
• pollution that cannot be prevented or recycled
  should be treated
• disposal or other release into the environment
  should be employed only as a last resort.

Read more on Pollution Prevention in the USA
on http//www.epa.gov/p2/index.htm
15
From Process Policy to Product Policy
In Europe
All products cause environmental degradation in
some way, whether from their manufacturing, use
or disposal. Integrated Product Policy (IPP)
seeks to minimize these by looking at all phases
of a products' life-cycle and taking action
where it is most effective.

• In the communication paper COM(2003) 302 final
  the European Commission
• established that the IPP approach consists of
• Life cycle thinking
• Market incentives to encourage demand and supply
  of greener products
• Stakeholder involvement
• Continuous improvement (rather than a precise
  threshold)
• Policy instruments (such as voluntary approaches
  and mandatory measures)

Read more on Integrated Product Policy in Europe
on http//europa.eu.int/comm/environment/ipp/home
.htm
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ROHS Directive
Objective Restrict the use of certain hazardous
substances in EEE and to contribute to
theenvironmentally sound recovery and disposal
of WEEE.
Directive Ensure that, from 1 July 2006, new EEE
put on the market does not contain Lead (solder,
glass, alloy, batteries)) Mercury (fluorescent
lamps, switches, many mechanical uses) Cadmium
(pigments, coatings, NiCd batteries) Hexavalent
chromium (pigment, anti-corrosion
agent) Polybrominated biphenyls (PBB) (flame
retardant) Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDE)
(flame retardant)
Exceptions Mercury in fluorescent lamps Lead in
glass of cathode ray tubes, electronic
components, fluorescent tubes Lead as alloying
element in steel, aluminum, copper (up to a
certain level) Lead in solder for certain
applications
17
WEEE Directive
Objective Prevention of WEEE and, in addition,
the reuse, recycling and other forms ofrecovery
of such wastes so as to reduce the disposal of
waste.

• Directives
• Ensure that by 13 August 2005 a WEEE collection
  infrastructure is in place, which is
  free-of-charge for its users.
• Ensure that by 31 December 2006 a rate of
  separate collection of at least four kg on
  average per inhabitant per year of WEEE from
  private households is achieved.
• Ensure that by 31 December 2006 producers meet
  the following targets
• 80 recovery, 75 reuse and recycling of
  category 1 and 10 products
• 75 recovery, 65 reuse and recycling of
  category 3 and 4 products
• 70 recovery, 50 reuse and recycling of
  category 2, 5, 6, 7 and 9 products
• 80 reuse and recycling of gas discharge (e.g.
  fluorescent) lamps
• (Exported WEEE needs to meet the same
  recovery/recycling targets meeting thesame
  environmental quality standards.)
• Ensure that by 13 August 2005 producers provide
  for the financing of the collection,treatment,
  recovery and disposal of WEEE (at least from
  private households).

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WEEE Directive

• Background
• The precautionary principle
• The polluter pays principle
• Promote waste recovery in order to
• Reduce the quantity of waste for disposal
• Reduce the quantity of hazardous substances in
  WEEE for disposal
• Save natural resources, in particular through
  reuse, recycling, composting and energy
  recovery from waste

Questions Which category do cell phones belong
to? What is orphan waste? What is historical
waste? What is the difference between
reuse/recycling and recovery rates? What does the
Directive say about reuse? What does the
Directive say about product design? What is the
meaning of individual producer responsibility?
19
Extended Producer Responsibility (EPR)
Definition 1 (Lindhqvist 1990)
Extended producer responsibility is an
environmental protection principleto decrease
the total environmental impact from a product,
by making the manufacturer of the product
responsible for the entire life-cycle of the
product and especially for the take-back,
recycling and final disposal of the product.
Definition 2 (OECD 1996)
EPR is defined as the extension of the
responsibilities of producers to the
post-consumer stage of the products life cycle.
EPR strategies suggest that the use and
post-consumer phase of a products life cycle are
important aspects of the pollution for which
responsibility must be assumed under the Polluter
Pays Principle. EPR is employed by governments
as a strategy to transfer the costs of municipal
waste management from local authorities to
the producers .

• Main objectives of EPR
• Ensure environmentally responsible end-of-life
  management of products
• Raise funds to cover the costs of product
  end-of-life management
• Create incentives for environmentally improved
  product design (DFR)

20
Extended Producer Responsibility (EPR)
In 1996 the President's Council on Sustainable
Development (PCSD) changed the definition of EPR
into Extended Product Responsibility An
emerging principle that uses the life-cycle
approach to identify strategic opportunitiesfor
pollution prevention and resource conservation.
Under the principle of EPR, manufacturers,
suppliers, users and disposers of products share
responsibility for the environmental effects of
products throughout their life cycles.
Questions How is that definition different from
the previous two? What does this difference mean
in practice?

• The WEEE Directive states that
• Producers can collect and treat WEEE either
  individually or in a collective system
• Producers can finance WEEE collection and
  treatment either individually or by joining a
  collective scheme

Questions How does individual vs. collective
responsibility affect the objectives of EPR? In
your opinion, should producers favor individual
or collective responsibility?
21
Extended Producer Responsibility (EPR)
Definition of Industrial Ecology
The study of the flows of materials and energy in
industrial and consumer activities, of the
effects of these flows on the environment, and of
the influences of economic, political,
regulatory, and social factors on the flow, use
and transformation of resources (Robert White,
1994, in the preface of The Greening of
Industrial Ecosystems)
IE approaches like LCA, MFA, DFE and EPDs are
important tools to formulate,assess, implement
and monitor environmental policies based on EPR.
However, the WEEE Directive also points at the
shortcomings of a narrowly-definedfield of IE.
One important shortcoming is the issue of agency
in IE.
22
The Problem of Agency in Industrial Ecology
Industrial Ecology needs to have some idea who
the actors in the industrial ecologyare, and
what motivates their actions.
(Tim Jackson Roland Clift, 1998, JIE, Vol. 2
No. 1)

• Industrial and consumer activities are
  process-based but agent-driven
• One production and consumption system consists
  of many agents
• Environmental impact is based on whole system
  performance (life cycle perspective)
• Agents, however, usually base their decisions on
  criteria other than environmental (e.g.
  economic performance), which are applied to
  smaller sub-systems

Perspective
Objective
Whole System
Individual Agents (Sub-System)
Driver
Environmental
Economic or Other
Performance
23
One Life Cycle, many Actors
Raw materials mining
Primary materials production
Component manufacture
Final product assembly
Product sale and delivery
Product demand use
Component re- processing
Product re- processing
Materials re- processing
End-of-life product disposal
Eol product collection inspection

• Life Cycle Management - Objective High
  environmental performance of the product system
  - Boundaries Product Life Cycle
• Economic agent
• - Objective High financial performance
  of the business
• - Boundaries Financial boundaries of the
  business

24
One Life Cycle, many Actors
Measures to coordinate the actors in a product
life cycle

• Coordination of the life cycle through policy
• - Extended producer responsibility (e.g.
  WEEE Directive)
• - Environmental standards based on life cycle
  performance (e.g. polices based on life
  cycle emissions)
• - Policies that internalize external cost of
  businesses

• Coordination of the life cycle through business
  management
• - Contracts based on service level instead of
  product sales (e.g. Xerox, Interface,
  chemical suppliers)
• - Profit or cost sharing schemes
• - Vertical integration of business activities
• (e.g. corporate product take-back)
• - Information brokers

• Coordination of the life cycle through consumer
  behavior
• - Environmental product declarations based on
  life cycle performance
• - Consumer awareness of the life cycle impacts
  of products

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Reading for Wednesday, 5 MarchEnvironmental
Report of the Mercedes C-Class,
Daimler-Chrysler,Stuttgart, Germany, 2006(is
posted on course website as Env. Report Mercedes
C-Class)
Assignment 4March 5 - Available on course
website WednesdayMarch 12 - Due date