Where are the elements

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Where are the elements

• How did they form?

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Air
Earth
Water
Living Things
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Air
SiO2Al2O3Fe2O3
Radioactive decay of Uranium and Radon
N2 O2
Earth
Water
Living Things
H2O
Radioactive decay of Radium.
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Living Things
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• All alkali (Group 1A) compounds are soluble.

Sodium Potassium
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• All halogen compounds are soluble except those
  containing Ag, Hg2, or Pb2)

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• All nitrates (NO3-), chlorates (ClO3-) and
  perchlorates (ClO4-) are soluble. Most
  sulfates (SO42-) are soluble.

Calcium sulfate is slightly soluble.
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• All carbonates (CO3-2), phosphates (PO43),
  sulfides(S-2) are insoluble.

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LIMESTONE (Calcium Carbonate (CaCO3)
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• Nearly all metal oxides are insoluble.

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Oxygen
Abundance in ppb by wt Log ppb by atoms
Universe 10,000,000 1 7 800,000 .08
Earths crust 460,000,000 46 8.7 600,000,000 60
Sea water 857,000,000 86 8.9 331,000,000 33
Human 610,000,000 61 8.8 240,000,000 24
107
10,000,000 1,000,000,000
1100
X
107
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1000
1000
3- 2- 1- 0- -1- -2- -3-
103
1000
100
10
1
.10
102
.01
101
100
10-1
100
10-2
10
.01
1
.10
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Hydrogen
Abundance in ppb by wt Log ppb by atoms
Universe 750,000,000 75 8.88 930,000,000 93
Earths crust 1,500,000 0.15 6.18 310,000,000 31
Sea water 107,800,000 11 8.03 662,000,000 66
Human 100,000,000 10 8.00 620,000,000 62
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Do the abundance of the elements change? In
other words, do elements change into other
elements?
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Geiger Counter
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Are elements formed in the caldron of a
volcano? Are elements changed to other elements
in the intense heat of a volcano (about 1,000oC
for lava and 2,000oC for inside volcano)?
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Elements may separate from other elements or
combine with certain elements. There is not
enough heat in a volcano to change an element
into another element.
Here is silicon and oxygen with trace amount of
metals (darkening) to form a mineral called
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about 7,000oC
57million psi
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FISSION (splitting)
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FUSION
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SUN EARTH Mass (Earths)
332,000 1 Volume (Earths)
1,300,000
1 Diameter 870,000 miles 8,000
miles Mass conversion rate (106
kg/s) Central temperature 16 million
deg K 7,000 est. Central density
162 g/cm3 12g/cm3
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For stars over 10 times heavier than the Sun
56Fe ? 13 4He 4n
13 4He ? 26e- 26p 26n 4n
26n
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The core with a mass of ½ million Earths shrinks
from 1000 km (600 mi.) to about 50 km (31 mi.) in
1 second. Implosion velocity reaches 170 million
mph...about 1/4 c or 50,000 miles per second.
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Helium
Carbon
Neon
Oxygen
Silicon
The outward moving matter is moving so fast that
it compresses and heats whatever it collides with
to temperatures of 1010 to 1011 K... much hotter
than anything we have encountered in our studies
of stars so far.
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Such enormously high temperatures generates
nuclear reactions. Below the neon shell source,
the oxygen and silicon is converted to iron plus
less massive nuclei such as argon, calcium,
potassium, titanium, copper, and zinc. By the
time the blast reaches the outer shell sources,
the collisions are less violent and the
temperatures reached are too low for nuclear
reactions.
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• Thus, nuclear reactions account only for elements
  less massive than iron. What about the rest of
  the periodical table? Where do the other elements
  with more than 25 or so protons in their nuclei
  come from?
• The source of neutrons for neutron capture is
  the outer half of the collapsing neutron core
  that was ejected.
• The environment for neutron capture only last a
  short time. Consequently, not many of the heavy
  elements arecreated.

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Supernovas often become black holes. The
remaining core of neutrons with about the weight
of 3 to 15 of our suns has gravity so strong that
light cannot exit.
There is one black hole in our galaxy that has
the mass of 2.6 million Suns.
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Where did the hydrogen come from?
Explosion cloud (Remnant) of the Supernova
Cassiopeia A in our Milky Way. The Remnant has a
diameter of about 15 light-years.
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Where did the hydrogen come from?
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Where did hydrogen come from?

• It all depends on how good your math is.
• Test How far do you travel in 2 ½ hours, if you
  are going 120 mph?
• If you left home at noon and traveled 60 mph, how
  long would it take you to drive 300 miles?

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120 mph
230 pm
120 mi
130pm
85 mi
130pm
170 mph
120 mph
120 mi
170 mph
100pm
170 mi
1230pm
120 mph
60 mi
Noon
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Plane
Train
Doppler effect
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300,000 years
3,000 deg radiation
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HgtHe
HegtC
CgtO,Ne,Mg
NegtMg
Ogt Si,S
The outward moving matter is moving so fast that
it compresses and heats whatever it collides with
to temperatures of 1010 to 1011 K... much hotter
than anything we have encountered in our studies
of stars so far.
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Fused for Nuclear Fuel Main Products Temperature
Hydrogen (H) 4He 4 million K
Helium (4He) 12C 150 million K
Carbon (12C) 16O, 20Ne, 24Mg 1 billion K
Neon (20Ne) 24Mg 2 billion K
Oxygen (16O) 28Si, 32S 3 billion K
Silicon(28Si) 56Fe, 56Ni 4 billion K
More light elements fused as neutrons compresses
layers that reach temperatures up to 100 billion
degrees. Heavy elements form as nuclei absorb
neutrons.