odgerel

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ADAPTABILITY OF E-GOVERNMENT POLICY IN MONGOLIA
COMPARATIVE STUDY WITH JAPAN
Presented by Ulziikhutag Odgerel, MRTT of
Mongolia Academic Advisor Prof. Osamu Koike,
YNU of Japan
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CONTENTS

• Introduction
• Country Overview
• Public Administrative Reforms of Mongolia
• Overview of ICT in Mongolia
• Overview of ICT in Japan
• E-government key challenges in Mongolia
• Discussions and Recommendations

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1. Introduction

• Research Purpose
• To review a current trends of Mongolian public
  and ICT sector, an overview Japanese ICT
  development and best experiences on E-government
  services,
• To reveal the key challenges and,
• To suggest recommendation for possible e-
  government policies in Mongolia.
• Research Questions
• How to work together government agencies?
• How to enhance citizen participation?
• How to build partnership with private sector?

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Methodology

1. comparative analysis of ICT strategies and
   E-government in Mongolia and Japan,
2. interviewing by the central local governments
   along with their e-government implementation,
3. observing public opinions,
4. studying theoretical books on ICT strategy and
   E-government,
5. discussion with decision makers and ICT experts
   and,
6. two case studies to conduct Japanese E-government
   solutions and services

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2. Country Overview

• Area 1.565 mln. sqr. km
• Population 2.585 mln. (2004)
• In Ulaanbaatar (capital city) 735000
• In Rural 1650000
• Growth rate 1.9 (2000)
• Geography steppe, desert, forest, mountains
• Administration Ulaanbaatar, 21 provinces
• Government Parliamentary

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Mongolia Macroeconomic Performance
(percentages)
Source NSO 1997-2003 and Mongol Bank
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3.Public Administrative Reforms

• History overview
• Building Institutional Capacity for Change
• Management Development Program
• Regional Development concept
• Mongolian state policy on reforming government
  processes and the general system of structure
• Law on Public sector management and finance
• Good governance program

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4.Overview of ICT in Mongolia

• ICT POLICY AND LEGAL ENVIRONMENT
• Mongolian Telecom Master Plan up to 2010, 1994
• Law of Radio Frequency, 1999
• ICT vision-2010, 2000
• Law on Communications, 2001
• Telecommunications sector midterm policy, 2001
• Medium term strategy of ICT, 2002
• Draft package law on IT (under construction)
• E-Mongolia program 2005-2012

In 1916, the Mongolian Government adopted a first
Telegraph Rule.
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Information Infrastructure
Selenge
Uvs
Darhan
Huvsgol
BayanUlgii
Orhon
Bulgan
ULAANBAATAR
Hovd
Dornod
Arhangai
Zavhan
Hentii
Òuv
Sukhbaatar
CHOIR
Gobisumber
Uvorhangai
GobiAltai
Bayanhongor
SAINSHAND
Dundgobi
Dornogobi
6. DORNGOVI
1990 1997 2003
Fixed (per 100 people) 1.7 3.8 5.4 (10.2 in UB 0.8 rural)
Mobile (per 100 people) No 0.1 13.1
PCs (total) lt100 13000 169000
Internet users No 1200 50000 (7ISP),
Cable TV Household No 18000 40000 (90 in UB)
Zamyn Uud
Umnogobi
Optical Fiber Cable
Digital Microwave links
Source by PTA
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e-Mongolia National Program
This policy aims at establishing the information
society and founding the knowledge-based society
in Mongolia by enhancing extensive applications
of ICT in all sectors of society. By 2012,
Mongolia will become one of the top ten ICT
developed countries in Asia.
Legal and Regulatory Framework
ICT-enabled Economic Growth
ICT Skills and Human Resources Development
Leadership and Reform
Interoperability and Applications
Public Awareness and Participation
Infrastructure development

• Designing and implementing new businesses such as
  e-Commerce, e-Tax, e-Custom, e-Payments,
  e-Procurement, e-Health, and e-Learning
• Establishment of an electronic system to expand
  civil participations
• Establishment of a unified Information exchange
  network among Gov. agencies
• Requirement for the leadership at all levels of
  e-Government execution
• Requirement for legislating laws and regulations
  on ICT
• Need to build high speed transmission networks
  throughout Mongolia
• Establishment of nation-wide Digital Community
  Centers for business
• Reduction of the Internet connection fees

Implications
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E-Government initiatives

• ICT for sustainable human development project
  from 1998 to 2001,
• In 2001 Assessment on government information and
  communication system
• Open Government Prime Ministers website
• ICT mid term strategy, 2002
• Drafting IT basic law,
• Launching e-Government Master Plan, 2005

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e-Government Master Plan
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5. Overview of ICT in Japan

• Policy and regulatory issues
• ICT strategy
• E-Japan strategy I
• E-Japan strategy II
• E-government and e-local government
• Case study 1. Yokosuka online tender system Case
  study 2. Okayama Information highway

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IT Policy Targets and the Current Status
Drawing up an IT state strategy e-Japan
Strategy (January 2001)
Main objective To make Japan the world's most
advanced IT nation by 2005 ? 5-year urgent
concentrated implementation by 2005 ?
Four priority policy areas
-Infrastructure Principle of private-sector
initiatives, Creation of the worlds most
advanced environment for the Internet -e-commerce
Ex-post-facto check rule, Building confidence in
participants, International harmonization -e-gover
nments Reform of administrative work, Social
infrastructures for use of IT -Human resources
Improvement in IT literacy, Recruiting of IT
instructors, Fostering of IT engineers/experts
Targets
Constant access environment by 2005
High-speed 30 million households
Ultra-high-speed 10 million households
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e-Japan Strategy II (Decided by the IT Strategy
Headquarters July 2nd 2003)
e-Japan Priority Policy Program-2003-2004 (Decid
ed by the IT Strategy Headquarters August 8th
2003)
In addition to making Japan the world's most
advanced IT nation by 2005, we must aim to
continue leading the world after 2006.
Priority Policies
IT Strategy Phase I To positively tackle the
establishment of IT foundational infrastructure?
significant level of progress. IT Strategy
Phase II To realize a vigorous, safe,
impressive and convenient society through the
practical use of Information Technology
Leading 7 fields making practical use of
IT Medical / Foods / Life / Finance for SMEs /
Intellectual / Employment and Labor /
Governmental Services
Develop results in these 7 fields to other fields.
Construction of New Society
1. Construction of next generation IT
environment 2. Safe and secure use
environment 3. RD to promote the intellectual
resources of the next generation 4. Develop IT-HR
and promote learning 5. New international
relationships focusing on IT
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Japanese e-government program
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Case study A. Yokosuka e-bidding system
The Yokosuka city implemented an electronic
bidding system in September 2001. The electronic
bidding system with competitiveness,
transparency, fairness and effectiveness, has
gained a good reputation as working towards the
effect of overcoming the economic crisis
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Case study B. Okayama Information highway
Backbone network consists of 450 km optical fiber
linked connected by all municipality branch
offices, public organizations and schools. The
city of Niimi in Okayama prefecture implemented
electronic voting via a touch machine in June
2002. The electronic voting system was designed
to facilitate the quick counting votes and
accurately reflecting the will of the people by
reducing the number of spoiled and invalid
ballots .
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6. E-government key challenges in Mongolia

• Strategy (vision, policy objectives),
• Leadership (motivation, political support),
• Human Resource Development (skill, training)
• Management Change (organizational change,
  internal resistance to change )
• Digital Divide
• Technological change
• Public-private partnership,
• Citizen participation

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National ICT Strategies
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Leadership

• Establishing National ICT Committee headed by the
  Prime Minister of Mongolia since 2001. This
  committee was consisting of representatives from
  government, civil societies, academic
  organizations and the private sector.
• In 2004, Government of Mongolia established
  Information and Communications Technology
  Authority (ICTA). But, ICTA is government agency
  and has a lower status than line ministry. This
  makes it difficult for ICTA to coordinate on
  e-government policy development and to implement
  it in national level.

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Human Development Issues

• Mongolians learn quickly. This country is largely
  influenced by nomadic culture, which gives it a
  very flexible mentality.
• However, the lack of human resources, financial
  constraints, and low computer literacy in
  Mongolian are significant challenges.
• Therefore, the Government of Mongolia considers
  that one of the essential tasks for Mongolians at
  the beginning of the 21st century is to become
  universally computer literate. 1

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Comparison between Japan and Mongolia on Public
Organizational Cultures
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Bridging Digital Divide
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Technology Change
Present technology Planned technology in
use to be deployed

• Subscriber access network
• Switching network
• National transmission network
• International network

Copper cables, ADSL - WiFi, WiMax, BcN
TDM Switches - IP-based
Star network type Ring type Microwave
links Fiber optics
PDH, SDH,analogue DWDM
Sattellite - Terrestrial fiber optic
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Public-Private Partnership

• Government supports Computer supply companies for
  tax-free for computer and local software
• Banks provide loan and leasing for new computers
  under Low Cost PC project
• Companies offers 4 kind of PC and cost of PC is
  around 250-450US
• 1 Tugrug Internet Campaign by dialup
• Introducing Broadband Internet technologies

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Citizen Participation

• In Mongolia, citizen participation is low, due to
  a lack of initiative, and due to the inertia left
  behind by a command-administrative system
• The low population density, financial constraints
  and underdeveloped communication networks has
  added barriers to participation, while there
  exists a poor understanding of democracy and
  human rights
• Therefore, Government of Mongolia considers that
  e-government can help strengthen citizen
  participation in the decision making process,
  promote open and accountable government, help to
  prevent corruption and protect personal
  information

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7. Conclusions Recommendations

• Establishment of the nation-wide strategy
• Political and governmental leadership to the
  e-government initiatives.
• Investing human resource development
• Introduce universal management techniques and
  create the basic skills for e-government
• Adaptation of new technology
• Bridging digital divide
• Partnership with private sector
• Collaboration with civil society