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Emerging Complexity in Physics How does Physical
Complexity arise from Basic Particles and Simple
Principles? Ronald Westra Dep.
Mathematics Maastricht University November, 2005
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Part 1 Simple versus Complex
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Emergent Complexity in Physics UCM Course LS213
2005/2006
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Emergent Complexity in Physics UCM Course LS213
2005/2006
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Emergent Complexity in Physics UCM Course LS213
2005/2006
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What is complexity ???
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What is complexity ???
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What is complexity ???
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ABOUT COMPLEXITY complexity synonym with
difficult, problematical, and tough, opposite to
simplicity. complexity fuzzy and
relative differing from person to person and
theory and praxis. In science the concept of
complexity in some cases assumes a more tangible
meaning.
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COMPLEXITY in science In the mathematical
context complexity often correlates to the notion
of computability. Mathematical complexity
theory the combinatorial complexity of an
algorithm is precisely defined in terms of
algorithmic iterations and the size of the
problem.
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COMPLEXITY in science In Computer Science there
is an objective measure of the complexity of an
object The Kolmogorov-Chaitin complexity
the number of symbols required to specify an
object in any conceivable formal language.
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COMPLEXITY in science In natural sciences the
concept of complexity is not precisely defined.
What are the characteristics and conditions for
complexity in physics? How does complexity
originate? Can complexity evolve from simplicity?
Can we distinguish conditions and laws for
complexity?
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TYPES of COMPLEXITY intrinsic versus extrinsic
complexity. compare the physical world of
interacting elementary particles to a classical
theater with various dramatis personae
intrinsic complexity refers to the complexity
of one specific player or the plot of the play,
extrinsic complexity refers to the
complexity that stems from increasing the number
of actors involved in our drama. Can complex
systems evolve from merely increasing the number
of effectively simple agents?
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What is complexity ???
Intrinsic Complexity?
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(NON) LINEARITY Linear system any combination
of subsystems behaves exactly similar, and any
linear scaling results in a similar system.
Linear system time evolution result in
similar systems. Linear system open for
mathematical scrutiny, hence understanding, hence
predictability. Linear systems are systems that
obey the superposition principle any two
solutions of the system van be added together to
form a valid new solution. In contrast, two
solutions of a nonlinear equation cannot be added
together to form another solution.
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Linear dynamics laminar flow
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Linear dynamics laminar flow Non-linear
dynamics turbulent flow
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Non-linear dynamics turbulent flow
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Complex non-linear dynamics
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GUIDING PRINCIPLES in NATURE The laws physical
systems for evolution towards complexity.
Examples Self-organization, Self-Organized
Criticality. Conservation Laws Energy,
Momentum, Angular
Momentum, Particle-type
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Self-organization cristal lattice
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Self-organization patterns in shells
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Self-organization nanno-minerals
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Self-organization vessicules
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GUIDING PRINCIPLES in NATURE The laws of
Nature Are there laws of Nature ???
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• CHALLENGES IN CURRENT PHYSICS
• The most complete theoriy in physics, the
  Standard Model, is incomplete (does not include
  gravity) and phenomenological (contains free
  parameters) and does not have an appealing
  mathematical structure.
• From Astronomy it has becone clear that there is
  much more mass in the Universe than we can
  observe.
• We now observe that the expansion of the Universe
  defies the models for Cosmology.

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Emergent Complexity in Physics UCM Course LS213
2005/2006
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Emergent Complexity in Physics UCM Course LS213
2005/2006
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Emergent Complexity in Physics UCM Course LS213
2005/2006
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Emergent Complexity in Physics UCM Course LS213
2005/2006
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Emergent Complexity in Physics UCM Course LS213
2005/2006
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Emergent Complexity in Physics UCM Course LS213
2005/2006
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Life as emergent property
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Life as emergent property
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Life as emergent property
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Life as emergent property
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Life as emergent property
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Life as emergent property
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THE STUDENT PROJECT
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LIFE AS AN EMERGENT PROPERTY
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LIFE AS AN EMERGENT PROPERTY
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The Early Earth 4.6 Bilion yrs ago
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Oparin-Haldane Theory
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Miller-Urey experiment
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Miller-Urey experiment
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