AMA 181 - Anatomy

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AMA 181 - Anatomy Physiology/Medical
Terminology/Pathology 12 Specialty Topics
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Cancer Medicine (Oncology)

• Cancer A disease caused by abnormal and
  excessive growth of body cells may occur in any
  tissue at any time, but more frequently in older
  individuals.
• Malignant Tumors accumulated cancer cells that
  grow in the body compress, invade and destroy
  surrounding normal tissue. Cancer cells can also
  spread (metastasize) throughout the body via the
  bloodstream or lymphatic vessels.
• Women most common are lung, breast and
  colorectal cancers.
• Men most common are lung, colorectal and
  prostate cancers

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Tumors

• Also called neoplasms
• Benign grow slowly, encapsulated, do not usually
  spread, cells are differentiated (resemble the
  tissue from which they come)
• Malignant grow rapidly, invasive and
  infiltrative, spread into surrounding tissues,
  cells are undifferentiated (do not resemble
  surrounding tissue), vary in size and shape,
  piling on top of each other in a disorganized
  fashion and can break off and travel to other
  parts of the body.

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Causes

• Not fully understood, results from damage to
  genetic material (DNA) causing chemical changes
  in the DNA.
• Environmental chemicals in products and drugs
  such as cigarettes, car exhaust, hormones, etc...
  Radiation from sunlight, x-rays or other
  substances and even some viruses can cause
  cancer.
• Heredity susceptibility to some forms of cancer
  is transmitted to children via defects in the DNA
  of the egg or sperm cells. Genetic screening via
  blood testing can detect whether a person has
  inherited a cancer-causing gene.

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Classification or Types

• Carcinomas largest group, solid tumors derived
  from epithelial tissue both internal and external
  such as skin, glands, digestive and reproductive
  organs (adenomas)
• Sarcomas less common, derive from connective
  tissue such as bones, muscles, fat and bone
  marrow.
• Mixed-tissue tumors derived from both types of
  tissues, least common and can be found in
  kidneys, ovaries and testes.

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Treatments major approaches

• Surgery invasive removal of tumor and possibly
  surrounding tissue
• Radiation therapy ionizing radiation delivered
  to cancerous tissue
• Chemotherapy drugs given to patient, standard
  treatment, often combined with other treatments
• Biological therapy use of bodys own defenses to
  fight tumor cells

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Radiology

• Radiology medical specialty for the study of
  x-rays.
• Wilhelm Roentgen discovered x-rays, they are
  named after him.
• Radioactive Substances materials that emit
  high-speed particles and energy-containing rays
  from matter. Three types alpha particles, beta
  particles and gamma rays. Gamma rays are used to
  diagnose the path and uptake of chemical
  substances in the body.

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X-ray Characteristics

• Cause exposure of photographic plate by turning
  the areas of exposure black.
• Able to penetrate different substances pass
  through soft tissue (radiolucent) and are
  absorbed by dense tissue (radiopaque). Bones are
  radiopaque, areas surrounding are radiolucent,
  thus the x-rays are absorbed by the bones which
  show up white and pass through other tissue,
  showing up black on the plate enabling a good
  visual of bone tissues in the body.
• Travel in straight lines allowing for precision
  images and ionization of cancer cells.
• Ionization properties can help destroy cancer
  cells but also can destroy good cells. Proper
  protection required during use.

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Nuclear Medicine

• Medical specialty that studies the
  characteristics and uses of radioactive
  substances in the diagnosis of disease.
• Contrast Studies natural differences in body
  tissue density cause contrasting shadow images on
  x-rays but can be hard to differentiate. A
  contrast medium is injected into the structure or
  fluid to help with visualization. Double contrast
  combines both radiopaque and radiolucent contrast
  mediums.
• Barium is used for GI studies
• Iodine is used for blood vessels and heart as
  well as other organs. Can be mixed with air for
  joints

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Diagnostic Techniques

• Computed Tomography (CT) beams x-rays at
  multiple angles through a section of the body
  creating multiple, cross-sectional views.
  Sensitivity or accuracy increased by use of
  iodine contrast agents that outline blood
  vessels.
• Fluoroscopy x-ray procedure that uses an image
  intensifier rather than a photographic plate,
  thus allowing for visualization of internal
  organs in motion, often used to guide surgery.

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Diagnostic Techniques

• Ultrasound uses high-frequency sound waves that
  bounce off body tissues and are then recorded.
  Used for many organs and vessels of the body, but
  mostly recognized in fetal examination. Advantage
  is that it is non-invasive and does not harm
  tissues. Movement can be viewed and is often used
  to guide surgeries.
• Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) uses
  electromagnetic energy producing multiple views
  of the body. Can be used with or without contrast
  and is excellent for soft tissue imaging.
  Patients cannot have metal implants or
  pacemakers.
• Study the various nuclear medicine tests and
  procedures in your text as well as the x-ray
  positioning.

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Pharmacology

• Study of the preparation, properties, uses and
  actions of drugs.
• Drugs (Medicines) used to prevent or treat a
  condition or disease. Can come from plants,
  animals or are synthesized (chemically made) in a
  laboratory.
• Medicinal chemistry study of new drug synthesis
  and relationship between chemical structure and
  biological effects
• Pharmacodynamics study of drug effects in the
  body absorption, distribution, metabolism and
  excretion.
• Pharmacokinetics mathematical description of
  drug appearance and disappearance in the body
  over time
• Molecular pharmacology study of drug interaction
  with DNA, RNA and enzymes
• Chemotherapy study of drugs that destroy cancer
• Toxicology study of harmful effects of drugs and
  chemicals on the body
• Study the names, standards and references of
  drugs as well as the administration, toxicity and
  drug classes in your text these are critical to
  know and understand.

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Psychiatry

• Branch of medicine that deals with the diagnosis,
  treatment and prevention of mental illness.
  Causes of mental illness are complex and may
  include psychological and social issues and/or
  chemical or structural issues.
• Clinical Symptoms abnormalities a mental health
  professional may find as evidence to mental
  health disorders. There are many psychiatric
  disorders, study them thoroughly in your text.

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Therapeutic Techniques

• Techniques used to treat psychiatric disorders
• Major therapies
• Psychotherapy treatment of emotional problems
  using psychological techniques
• Electroconvulsive Therapy use of electric
  current applied to brain to produce changes in
  brain wave patterns
• Drug Therapy use of drugs to treat such as
  antidepressants there are many in your text,
  study them all.

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