Way Finding Behavior

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Way Finding Behavior
??????
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• Map vs. Cognitive map
• Tolman 1948
• Path integration-update current position

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Avian species

• Landmark
• Sun compasses
• Magnetic compasses
• Celestial guides
• Route sequence? Layout?

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July 1996, Borchard Foundation

• Geographer
• Psychologist
• Neuroscientist
• Ethologist

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• Cognitive mapinternal spatial representation of
  environmental information
• Spatial representationorganization of components
  of spatial knowledge
• Human, primates, avian

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Survey knowledge

• Locomotion
• Internal feedback
• External reafferences
• Birds eye position

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Cognitive maps

• Important??
• Construct or fiction??
• Metaphor??

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CH1 Human Way Finding and Cognitive Maps
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Introduction

• Have you ever lost??
• Cognitive map
• Different processes in different environment
• Human altered the nature
• Human travel over land surfaces

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Definition of Terms

• Path or route
• Travel plan
• Networked configurations
• Cognitive maps-fragmented, distorted, irregular

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Definition of Terms
Free-ranging

• Human travel
• Navigation
• Pathfinding or wayfinding
• -origin and destination, turn angles,
• segment lengths, directions, landmarks,
• reference frame

Path-following
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Environmental Knowing and Spatial Representation

• Environment knowing
• subjective conceptions objective
  reality
• Euclidean metric
• Piaget (1950)
• representation-knowledge or thought

Conceptual representation
Symbolic representation
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Modes of acquiring an internal representation

• Active search and exploration
• Secondary information
• Controlled practices
• Route-based knowledge
• Survey knowledge

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Modes of acquiring an internal presentation

• Learning a route
• Route-based learning
• -integrate and overlay specific routes
• Network structure

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Human travel

• Person-to-object (egocentric)
• Object-to-object
• Explains some cases

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Human travel

• Integration of routes not automatic, partially

• Unfamiliar
• Familiar

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How human record and represent environments

• Real objective
• Imagined subjective
• Human rely on local reference systems
• -relational location

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How human record and represent environments

• Human spatial representations
• -incomplete, error prone
• Instruments compasses, theodolites, GPS

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Map

• Two-dimensional planar
• Analog models-north at the top
• Strip map-bottom to top
• Planar maps

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Externalizing internal representations

• Verbal directions
• Verbal estimates or reproductions
• Pointing to places
• Sequences of route segments
• Recording specific trips
• Check the accuracy
• Not accurately reflect

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Cognitive map

• Tolman,1948
• Human, primates, some nonhuman
• Many nonhuman spatial representation
• -route recall, layout knowledge
• Points, lines, areas, and surface

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Cognitive map
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Landmarks

• Primary organizing features in CM
• Attracting attention
• Commonly recognized
• Personal importance
• Anchor point theory

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Anchor point theory
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Landmarks

• Locational accuracy
• -organizing principles
• -wayfinding aids

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Routes

• Overlap or cross, integrated into a network
• Hierarchies
• -freeways, highways, roads, streets, lanes,
  alleys
• Wayfinding
• Route following

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Configurations

• Facilitate place recognition and wayfinding
• Organizer of spatial experience
• Defining
• Integrating
• Overviewing
• Accurate comprehension interpoint distances and
  directions, linkage and connectivity, scale

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Use of cognitive maps

• Cognitive map ensure that correct route
  following and path completion is achieved

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Errors in cognitive mapping

• Errors encoding, internally manipulating,
  decoding, representing information

Fish-eye lens
Magnetic attractions
spaghetti-like
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Errors in cognitive mapping

• Multiple exposures errors decrease

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Keeping track of a home base

• Paramount!!
• Remember an outbound route
• Remember the relative location of the home base
• Using path integration procedures
• Birds eye or overlook view

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Route selection

• Habitual travel behavior
• Golledge,1995

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Route selection

• Rectangular,
• diagonal,
• curvilinear
• Retrace

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Route selection

• Trip purpose-dependent
• Unaware

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Route selection

• Usually least time, least cost, least distance
• Multistop or multipurpose
• Home Work

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Route selection
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Route selection

• Golledge,1996

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Route selection

• Sholl, sense of direction
• self-referencing system
• Object-to-object cognitive map
• self-to-object
• Piloting
• Familiarity

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Cognitive maps as wayfinding tools

• New to an environment
• Familiar cognitively stored information
• Self-ratings men more confidence
• Evolutionary psychologists

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Cognitive maps as wayfinding tools

• Women landmark-based wayfinding strategies
• Men global configurational strategies

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Spatial aptitude

• Spatial rotation
• Spatial orientation
• Spatial relations

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Spatial aptitude
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Human wayfinding errors

• Movement error over- or underestimates of
  distances
• Encoding errors direction errors, turn errors,
  mismatching choice points and turn angles
• Decoding errors
• Wayfinding errors incorrectly integrating,
  recognition errors

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• Golledge

Unidirectional learning
Bidirectional learning
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Human wayfinding errors

• Configurational or layout understanding
• vs. route comprehension
• Distance and direction of obscured points
• Pointing accuracy

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Some final thoughts

• Spatial information spatial learning
• Individual differences, not perfect and complex
• Different errors direction errors, distance
  errors, locational errors

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Some final thoughts

• Route selection
• Anchors of structure
• Decay of natural wayfinding ability
• Externally recorded representation
• Sounds, olfactory, tactile

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Some final thoughts

• Efficiency
• Wayfinding does not have to be accurate
• Accurate cognitive maps are not needed

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Some final thoughts

• Are cognitive maps necessary for human
  navigation?
• Yes!!
• But do not have to be accurate renderings of the
  real world

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Thanks for your attention!!