ZEV Mandate Produced Real ZEVs

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ZEV Mandate Produced Real ZEVs

• Toyota RAV4-EV
• Ford Ranger EV
• GM EV-1
• Ford Postal Van
• Chevrolet S-10 Electric
• Ford Th!nk City
• Honda EV Plus
• Chrysler EPIC Mini-Van
• Nissan Altra
• Nissan Hypermini
• Toyota eCom

Leased/Sold 1485 1 1312 1 800 1 495 1 450 1 440
1 300 1 207 1 130 1 50 1 15 1 5599 1
On Road Today 820 1 400 1 0 2 0 1 55 1 100
3 0 2 5 1 0 2 0 2 0 2 1380 1
Source Various industry and private sources
1 nationwide deployments of vehicles resulting
from ZEV regulation. CA deployments 4400 2
excludes small numbers potentially still in use
by OEMs for testing 3 redeployed in Norway
none on US roads
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2003 Mandate eviscerated
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• Now on DVD.
• Order at
• PlugInAmerica.org

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Why plug-in hybrids?

• Cheaper
• Cleaner
• Domestic

How can I get one?
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Courtesy Electric Drive Transportation
Association
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Courtesy Electric Drive Transportation
Association
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Courtesy Electric Drive Transportation
Association
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Courtesy Electric Drive Transportation
Association
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EV is more efficient than FCEV

• RIGHT
• Electricity as the base energy source
• Hydrogen from electrolyzer
• 400 more electricity needed for FCEV!

• ABOVE
• Natural gas as the base energy source
• Hydrogen from NG reformer
• Electricity from NG power plant
• 64 more NG for FCV!

Source AC Propulsion, Dec. 2002
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Plug-in hybrids are cheaper
California Cars Initiative CalCars.org
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Felix Kramers typical day of driving

• 51 miles, mostly highway
• 124 mpg gas 123 Wh/mile electricity
• 61 less gas half the greenhouse gases
• Cost 1.76
• (vs. 3.17)

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Annual Gasoline Consumption
Up to 85 reduction in gasoline use and trips to
gas station. Mid-size car operation/maintenance
savings 5,000 over 100,000 miles.

Source Electric Power Research Institute/Hybrid
EV Working Group
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Professor Andrew Frank, UC Davis

• 10 years of PHEV conversions
• new PHEVs 10-15 higher price at
  first

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Consumers Want Plug-in Cars

• 33 of new car buyers serious about
  alternative-fuel cars 92 of these willing to
  pay 9,258 extra
• Wall Street Journal / Harris Interactive 2006

• 75 have heard of plug-in hybrids and 55
  think theyre a good idea
• Opinion Research Corp. 2005

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U.S. grid can handle PHEVs

• The existing off-peak electrical capacity
  could fuel daily commutes for 73 of all U.S.
  cars, trucks, SUVs, and vans as PHEVs.

Source U.S. Dept. of Energy, 2007 Impacts
Assessment of Plug-in Hybrid Vehicles on Electric
Utilities and Regional U.S. Power Grids
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Other issues

• Safety
• Electric cars have proven to be as safe or safer
  than gasoline cars
• PHEVs should be too with proper design
• Battery disposal
• gt 97 of lead-acid batteries are recycled
• Valuable metals in NiMH and Li-ion batteries
  motivate recycling

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Plug-in hybrids are cleaner
Marc Geller activist, solar installer
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Well-to-Wheels Emissions

• Definition Pollutants produced by
• vehicles and by their power sources.

Sherry Boschert, Plug-in Hybrids The Cars that
Will Recharge America
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Compare

• Internal combustion engine (ICE)
• Hybrid gas-electric vehicle (HEV)
• Plug-in hybrid electric vehicle (PHEV)
• All-electric vehicle (EV)
• Hydrogen fuel-cell electric vehicle (FCEV)
• Sherry Boschert, Plug-in Hybrids The Cars that
  Will Recharge America

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Plug-ins Produce Fewer Emissions
Well-to-wheels emissions based on total US
electrical grid
Carbon Dioxide
Carbon Monoxide
Sulfur Oxides
Volatile Organic Compounds
SOx emissions subject to cap
EV Charging on US grid should not result in
additional SOx emissions due to regulatory
emission caps on stationary sources already in
place
Sources Argonne National Labs GREET 1.6
Fuel-Cycle Model for Transportation Fuels June
2001. FCEV based on U.S. grid-powered
electrolysis fuel cycle.
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Effects of regulation 1993-2004

• U.S. electricity production increased, but
• Sulfur oxide emissions fell from 15 million to 10
  million metric tons per year.
• Nitrogen oxide emissions fell from 8 million to 4
  million metric tons per year.
• Source U.S. Department of Energy Electric Power
  Annual 2004.

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More than 30 studies and analyses support these
findings. For an overview of the data, see
www.sherryboschert.com
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NRDC EPRI 2007

• Natural Resources Defense Council Electric Power
  Research Institute
• PHEVs can improve air quality, decrease oil use
  by 3-4 million barrels/day by 2030
• PHEVs reduce greenhouse gases by 7-46 compared
  with hybrids, 2010-2050

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Greenhouse Gas Footprints
U.S. Power Plants The size of each
circle represents the quantity of emissions in
2002 24 million tons
15 million tons
4 million tons
U.S. Power Plants The size of each
circle represents the quantity of emissions in
2002 24 million tons
15 million tons
4 million tons
Coal Gas Oil
Source MJ Bradley and Associates
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Tackling Climate Change ASES 2007
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Bonus Better emissions control
Plug-in cars move emissions away from population
centers.

• A few thousand power
• plants are easier to
• regulate than 200 million
• vehicle tailpipes.

Sherry Boschert, Plug-in Hybrids The Cars that
Will Recharge America, 2006
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Running on renewables

• As the electrical grid gets cleaner,
• plug-in cars get even cleaner.
• The future More power from solar,
• wind, geothermal, biomass.

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Plug-in Vehicles and Renewable Energy

• Charge at night
• 1 or 2 cents/mile to power EV (at 9 cents/kWh)
• vs.
• 13 cents/mile for gasoline (at 2.50 gallon)

• A 2 kW rooftop solar array provides all the
  electricity for typical 12,000 miles/year
• 12-15,000 upfront cost
• 180 - 260 square feet
• 6- to 8-year payback
• gt30-year life

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Source Jon Wellinghoff, FERC, Jan. 2007

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Plug-in hybrids are domestic

• R. James Woolsey, former CIA director

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• U.S. imports 55 of its oil.
• Cars and trucks use more than 2/3 of all
  petroleum and 1/3 of all energy in the United
  States.

Sherry Boschert, Plug-in Hybrids The Cars that
Will Recharge America
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Conservatives chime in

• Frank Gaffney, Pentagon official in Reagan
  administration
• Robert Bud McFarlane, Reagan advisor
• C. Boyden Gray, White House Counsel to President
  H.W. Bush
• Set America Free a coalition of all sides

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Executive Order Jan. 24, 2007

• Federal agencies that operate fleets of 20 or
  more vehicles must use plug-in hybrids when they
  become available and have a life-cycle cost
  comparable to non-PHEVs.

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National Renewable Energy Lab
Solar
Wind
Biomass
Geo
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The Straus Family Creamery

• Marin County, Calif.
• 2002 Toyota RAV4-EV
• 56,000 zero-emission miles

• Farms methane digester powers RAV4-EV and farm
  equipment
• No repair issues other than flat tires

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www.ASES.org
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Combined approach can work
Tackling Climate Change ASES 2007
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Tackling Climate Change ASES 2007
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Plug-in hybrids How to get one

• Chelsea Sexton, E.D., Plug In America

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Past present work by majorautomakers on
plug-in hybrids

• Nissan
• Renault
• Saab
• Toyota
• Volkswagen
• Volvo

• Daimler-Chrysler
• Fiat
• Ford
• GM
• Mitsubishi

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GM 1990s EV1 PHEV

• Plug-in series hybrid 350-mile total range
• 25-mile electric range, NiMH batteries
• 6.5-gallon gasoline turbine backup

Source AutoWorld.com
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1998 Toyota Prius PHEV conversion

• NiMH batteries
• gt 25-mile
• electric range
• 70-80 mpg
• 500-mile range

By Prof. Andrew Frank, UC Davis and Energy
Conversion Devices
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GM 2007 Chevy Volt PHEV

• Plug-in series hybrid 640-mile total range
• 40-mile electric range, Li-Ion batteries
• 12-gallon backup of gas, diesel, or ethanol

Source GM press release
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Ford Edison International

• June 9, 2007 Ford to supply 21 plug-in hybrid
  Escapes to Southern California Edison by 2009
• Some to be tested in consumers hands
• Maybe(!!) in showrooms in 5-10 years

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Started by Austin, Texaswww.PlugInPartners.org

• gt8,000 soft fleet orders gathered
• 32 U.S. cities including Madison, Milwaukee,
  Plymouth, Mount Horeb
• 2 biofuel associations
• 56 environmental and security groups
• 126 public and private utilities

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www.PlugInPartners.org
Wisconsin utilities

• WI Public Power
• Algoma Utilities
• Arcadia Electric Utility
• Black River Fall Municipal
• Boscobel Utilities
• Brodhead Water Light
• Cedarburg Light Water
• City Utilities of Richland
• Clintonville Water Electric
• Cuba City Light Water

• Cumberland Municipal
• Eagle River Light Water
• Florence Utilities
• Hartford Electric
• Jefferson Utilities
• Jeauneau Utilities
• Kaukauna Utilities
• Lodi Utilities
• Menasha Utilities
• Muscoda Utilities

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www.PlugInPartners.org
Wisconsin utilities (more)

• New Glarus Light Water
• New Richmond Utilities
• Onconomowoc Utilities
• Oconto Falls Municipal
• Plymouth Utilities
• Prairie du Sac Utilities
• Reedsburg Utility Commission
• River Falls Municipal

• Stoughton Utilities
• Sturgeon Bay Utilities
• Sun Prairie Water Light
• Two Rivers Water Light
• Waterloo Utilities
• Waunakee Utilities
• Waupen Utilities
• Westby Utilities
• Whitehall Electric Utility

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Bipartisan legislation

• FREEDOM Act
• Fuel Reduction using Electrons to End Dependence
  on the Mideast
• By Senators Cantwell / Hatch / Obama
• Plug-in Hybrid Opportunity Act of 2007
• H.R. 1331 Doggett / 65 co-sponsors

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Update of CA regulations 2007

• The California Air Resources Board (CARB) is
  revising its Zero-emission Vehicle (ZEV)
  regulations this year the mandate that produced
  gt5,000 electric cars until 2003.

National implications Other states can choose
Californias clean-air regulations over federal
ones.
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New Life for Battery Electrics

• Tesla Roadster
• 200-mile electric range
• 0-60 mph in 4 seconds

• Redesigned Th!nk City
• Being revived 2008
• Lease the batteries

• AC Propulsion eBox
• Based on Toyota Scion xB
• 140-180 mile electric range

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Do it yourself

• www.eaa-phev.org

Take a stand

• www.PlugInAmerica.org

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Plug-in hybrids Bridging America
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www.PlugInAmerica.org