The River of Life

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The River of Life

• B
• L
• O
• O
• D

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Functions of blood

• Transportation
• Carries food and oxygen to body tissues
• Carries CO2 and wastes away from tissues
• Carries hormones to target areas

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Functions of blood

• Regulates
• Acid levels of body fluids
• Body heat
• Capillaries close to the surface during times
  when we are hot to cool off blood
• Sends blood to core during extreme cold

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Functions of blood

• Protect us from infections and microorganisms

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The component parts of blood

• Erythrocytes Red blood cells
• Leukocytes white blood cells
• Thrombocytes platelets
• Plasma
• A size break down. In your text, in the letter
  o you could put
• 5,000,000 red cells 300,000 platelets and 7,000
  white cells

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Erythrocytes

• Characteristics
• Very small, about 5,400,000 per cubic mm
• If laid out side by side would carpet an area of
  3,500 square yards
• Anucleated
• No nucleus, cannot reproduce
• Are created from hemocytoblasts..

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Characteristics continued

• Can become very flexible and elastic
• Creation of red blood cells
• Before birth in liver and spleen
• After birth in red bone marrow

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Characteristics continued

• Umbilical cord stem cells
• Tumor treatment
• Immunodeficiency diseases
• Anemia
• Leukemia
• Other blood disorders

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More characteristics

• Hemocytoblasts are blank checks that can become
  anything. RBCs are formed from these in the red
  marrow

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Last ones!

• An insufficient number of RBCs will result in
  anemia
• RBCs only live about 120 days

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Hemoglobin

• Is a protein on the membrane of RBCs . It is
  like a magnet to attract O2 and CO2
• Veins look dark due to CO2 levels and trash in
  blood. Arterial blood is bright red from fresh
  oxygen
• Oxyhemoglobin and deoxyhemoglobin
• Makes up 1/3 of RBCs
• It is produced by the ribosomes in RBCs
• Iron - gives blood its color and taste

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Hematopoiesis

• The process by which the formed elements(cells
  and cell fragments) are created.
• Originate from stem cells
• Stem cells differentiate into the different cells
• Bones where marrow is used for production
• Skull
• Sternum
• Pelvis
• Ribs
• Proximal epiphysis of femur and humerus

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Erythropoiesis

• The production of red blood cells. Controlled by
  the hormone erythropoietin

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Anemia

• A condition that exists in which there is an
  insufficient amount of RBCs which prevents
  enough oxygen being carried to cells to maintain
  homeostasis.
• You feel tired, lethargic

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Treatments

• Iron
• Vitamin B12 (necessary for production of RBCs)
• Folic Acid (necessary for production of RBCs)
• Intrinsic Factor secreted in the lining of the
  stomach. Is necessary for B12 to be absorbed.

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Causes of anemia

• Hemorrhaging
• Injury to bone marrow
• Injury to spleen or liver (blood reservoirs)
• Venoms, malaria, burns
• Deficiency of material needed for RBC production

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Leukocytes aka White blood cells

• Three granular
• Neutrophils
• Eosinophils
• Basophils
• Two nongranular
• Lymphocytes
• Monocytes

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Neutrophils

• First to arrive on the scene
• Makes up the majority of WBCs
• Most important function, phagocytosis during
  acute infection
• Phagocytize bacteria, fungi and some viruses

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Eosinophils

• Detoxify proteins accumulated during allergic
  reactions

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Basophils

• Release histamine at damaged tissue site
• Histamine dilates smaller blood vessels and makes
  them leaky
• Tissues redden, swelling occurs
• The swelling helps keep invading organisms from
  going into other areas

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Pus

• Formed as neutrophil, eosinophil and basophil
  accumulate at site
• Dead soldiers who gave their lives in defense of
  your system

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Lymphocytes

• Smallest of the WBCs
• Fight microscopic invaders
• B cells produce antibodies which fight foreign
  invaders (bacteria, proteins)
• The antibodies they create can live for years
• T cells recognize foreign invaders and activate B
  cells

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Monocytes

• Largest blood cells
• Function by phagocytosis
• Long term clean up team
• They can leave the blood stream to form
  macrophages (blobs) to phagocytize bacteria, dead
  cells and other debris in tissue.
• Contain many lysosomes

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Infection

• An unusually large number of WBC can mean an
  infection, but not always.

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Diapedes

• The process of WBCs moving to the bacteria as
  they move between cell bodies and blood vessels

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Differential count

• Determines the percentage of each different type
  of WBC in a blood sample
• Allows doctors to pinpoint the problem

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WBC life cycle

• Is short about 7 to 17 days

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Leukopenia

• Low WBC count
• Could be caused by
• AIDS,
• Typhoid,
• Measles, and other diseases

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Leukocytosis

• Indicates an acute infection such as appendicitis
• May also follow vigorous exercise, emotional
  disturbances or great loss of body fluid

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Platelets

• Do not have have a nucleus
• They are only a segmented part of a larger cell
  called a megakaryocyte
• Main function is to aid in blood clotting
• Extremely fragile

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Cycle for blood clotting

• Platelets disintegrate, release thromboplastin
  and serotonin.
• Thromboplastin combines with prothrombin and
  calcium forming thrombin
• Thrombin converts fibrinogen to fibrin which
  forms a net to stop blood

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Another coincidence?

• Prothrombin is at its highest level on the eighth
  day after a babys birth.

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Antigens

• Any substance the body recognizes as foreign
• Stimulates immune system to release antibodies or
  mount a defense against
• Our bodies will tolerate our own cellular antigens

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Rh

• We are or depending on whether or not we
  carry this antigen
• Antibodies are not automatically created for this
  antigen like in the ABO grouping
• The first time the wrong type is used,
• No damage however antibodies are created
• The second time
• Reaction

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Pregnancy issues

• Mom Rh-, baby Rh
• First pregnancy, no problem
• Second pregnancy and following will end in brain
  damage or death