Direct / Indirect

1
Direct / Indirect

• Jim Penman
• Simon Eggleston

2
CO2 The problem

• CO2 enters atmosphere
• either as CO2 directly emitted direct CO2
• Or as oxidation of other C containing gases (e.g.
  CH4, CO, NMVOC)
• Existing Guidance
• Fuel emissions are based on C content of fuel
  e.g. ALL C emitted as gas Direct Indirect CO2
  (total).
• Other sectors just have guidance for direct CO2.
• Biogenic carbon sources have NO indirect CO2

3
2006 Guidelines

• In order to reduce changes from existing
  guidelines
• Fuel Combustion will be reported as before.
• Other Sources should report Direct and Total
  (Direct Indirect CO2)
• Biogenic C sources have CH4 etc but NO indirect
  CO2 as it is part of a closed biological cycle.
• Guidance on CH4 is there but no extra guidance
  for CO and NMVOC is anticipated (reference will
  be made to other sources of guidance)
• It is not expected that this will be a major
  source
• Most developed countries already have inventories
  of CO and NMVOC

4
Indirect N2O

• Existing guidelines for agriculture give methods
  for estimating emissions of N2O caused by the
  deposition of emitted NOx and NH3 indirect
  N2O
• Guidance given for Agriculture only
• Clearly other emissions of NOx and NH3 cause
  indirect N2O

5
Nitrogen Transport

• Complex and difficult to estimate deposition
• Measurements also need to be extensive, long term
  and expensive.
• EMEP (UNECE) programme in Europe is an example

6
(No Transcript)
7
An alternative

• All N emitted is deposited
• Apply emission factor to Emissions (as all
  emissions are deposited somewhere)
• Allocate indirect N2O emissions to cause of the
  emission
• Approach is simple and verifiable.

8
County of totalGreenhouse gases of Direct N2O
Austria 1.11 16
Belgium 0.81 10
Czech Republic 0.95 17
Denmark 1.40 12
Finland 1.32 13
France 1.25 9
Germany 0.64 12
Ireland 0.94 7
Lithuania 1.97 6
Netherlands 0.83 12
Portugal 1.63 23
Spain 1.54 21
Sweden 2.33 13
United Kingdom 1.01 17
Canada 0.3 2.9
New Zealand 1.0 6.2
Japan 0.3 10.7
United States of America 0.7 11.0
Australia 1.1 17.1
Russian Federation 0.8 36.8