GEOMETRY OF TREES

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GEOMETRY OF TREES
white oak
gray birch
American elm
red spruce
black spruce
eastern hemlock
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Theory of Adaptive Geometry
The geometric form of a tree and its parts
conveys an advantage for growing in the sun or
shade
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Theory of Adaptive Geometry
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Theory of Adaptive Geometry
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Assumptions
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Multilayers more photosynthesis in 100 full
sunlight
100
0.5
0.5
1.0
2.0
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Multilayers more photosynthesis in 100 full
sunlight
100
1.0
0.5
0.5
100
50
25
1.0
2.0
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Multilayers less water stress in 100 full
sunlight
100
monolayer
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Monolayers more photosynthesis in 25 full
sunlight
25
monolayer
12.5
6
multilayer
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Deliquescent tree forms
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Excurrent tree forms
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Monolayer leaf forms/displays
Acer circinatumvine maple
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Multilayer leaf forms/displays
Betula pendulaEuropean birch
Cedrus deodaradeodar cedar
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Real Forests 2500 ft west Cascades
Pseudotsuga menziesiiTsuga heterophylla
Abies amabilis
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3000 ft east Cascades
4500 ft east Cascades
Larix occidentalis
Pinus ponderosa
Abies grandis
Abies lasiocarpa
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CAUTION STRONG GxE INTERACTIONS

• tree geometry is strongly affected by the
  environment (phenotypic plasticity)
• look for variations in branching patterns, and
  leaf sizes, shapes displays
• these variations should confirm predictions

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