The Axial Skeleton Chapter 7 Lecture Notes

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The Axial SkeletonChapter 7 Lecture Notes

• to accompany
• Anatomy and Physiology From Science to Life
• textbook by
• Gail Jenkins, Christopher Kemnitz, Gerard Tortora

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Chapter Overview

• 8.1 Pectoral girdle
• 8.2 Upper limbs
• 8.3 Pelvic girdle
• 8.4 Male and Female pelves
• 8.5 Lower limbs

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Introduction

• Adult human skeleton has 206 bones
• axial skeleton has 80 bones
• appendicular has 126
• appendicular skeleton consists of bones
  appended to axial skeleton
• girdles are bones that attach
• primary function is movement

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Figure 7.1
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Concept 8.1 Pectoral Girdle
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Pectoral Girdle

• attach bones of upper limbs to axial skeleton
• clavicle
• s shaped
• anterior part of thorax
• superior to first rib
• scapula
• large triangular flat bone
• superior posterior thorax
• between levels of second and seventh ribs

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Figure 8.1
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Figure 8.2
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Figure 8.3a
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Figure 8.3b
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Concept 8.2 Upper Limb
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Upper Limb

• Humerous
• longest and largest bone of upper limb
• articulates with
• scapula (proximal end)
• ulna and radius (distal end)
• rounded proximal head
• anatomical neck below
• several markings

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Upper Limb

• ulna
• medial aspect of forearm
• pinky side
• longer than radius
• several markings
• radius
• lateral aspect of forearm
• thumb side
• proximal end has disc shaped head
• articulate with one another at three sites
• carpals (wrist)
• metacarpals (palms)
• phalanges (finger bones)

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Figure 8.2
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Figure 8.3a
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Figure 8.3b
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Figure 8.4
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Figure 8.5
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Figure 8.6
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Figure 8.7a
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Figure 8.7b
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Figure 8.7c
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Figure 8.8ab
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Figure 8.8c
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Concept 8.3 Pelvic Girdle
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Pelvic Girdle

• hip bones also known as coxal bones
• anterior cartilage called pubic symphysis
• bones called bony pelvis
• ilium
• largest
• ischium
• inferior
• posterior portion of hip bone
• pubis
• most anterior at pubic symphysis

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Features

• acetabulum
• where femur articulates
• false and true pelves
• see table 8.1

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Table 8.1 pt 1
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Table 8.1 pt 2
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Table 8.1 pt 3
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Concept 8.4Male and Female Pelves
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Pelves

• Male pelves
• generally larger and heavier
• more prominent markings
• Female pelves
• generally wider and shallower
• less prominent markings

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Figure 8.9
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Figure 8.10a
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Figure 8.10b
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Figure 8.10c
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Figure 8.11a
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Figure 8.11b
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Table 8.1 pt 1
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Table 8.1 pt 2
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Table 8.1 pt 3
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Concept 8.5 Lower Limb
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Bones of Lower Limb

• Femur
• longest, heaviest, strongest bone in body
• proximal articulates with hips
• distal articulates with tibia and patella
• patella
• only common sesamoid bone
• increases leverage of tendon
• protects knee joint

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Bones of Lower Limb

• tibia
• larger
• medial
• weight bearing bone of lower leg
• fibula
• parallel and lateral to tibia
• much smaller
• lateral maleolus
• ankle on lateral surface of ankle

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Figure 8.12
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Figure 8.13ab
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Figure 8.13c
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Figure 8.14
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Figure 8.15ab
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Figure 8.15c
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Bones of Lower Limb

• tarsals
• ankle bones
• metatarsals
• foot bones
• phalanges
• toe bones

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Figure 8.16ab
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Figure 8.16c
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End Chapter 8