Solid%20State%20Chemistry%20via%20Glass%20and%20Ceramics

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Solid State Chemistryvia Glass and Ceramics

• John Tanaka and Edward J. Neth
• Chemistry Department
• University of Connecticut
• Storrs, Connecticut 06269

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• Glass, Ceramics and Mankind
• History
• Discovered in prehistory by unknown inventor
• Reconstructions of old civilizations
• Food and beverage storage

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Current technology

• Fiber Optics
• LC, electroluminescent, and plasma displays
• Chemistry
• Electric insulators
• Superconductors
• Electronic components
• Household goods

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Glass

• GLASS
• Quartz
• Coefficient of expansion 8 x 10-7
  cm/cm/oC
• Softening point 1500oC
• 7740 Pyrex
• 80.5 SiO2
• 12.9 B2O3
• 3.8 Na2O
• 0.4 K2O
• 2.2 Al2O3
• Coefficient of expansion 33 x 10-7 cm/cm/oC
• Softening point 820oC
• Working point 1200oC
• Container Glass
• 74.1 SiO2
• 1.8 Al2O3
• 8.8 CaO

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Quartz

• STRUCTURES OF SiO2
• Quartz, a and ß (to 870oC)
• Tridymite ( 870oC to 1470oC)
• Cristobalite (1470oC to 1710oC)

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Beta quartz
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Tridymite, cristobalite
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Silicates

• SILICATE ISLAND STRUCTURES
• Orthosilicates
• Be2SiO4 phenacite
• (Mg, Fe)2SiO4 olivine
• ZrSiO4 zircon
• R3IIR2III(SiO4)3 garnet
• Pyrosilicates
• Sc2Si2O7 Si-O-Si 180o
• Gd2Si2O7 Si-O-Si 159o
• Nd2Si2O7 Si-O-Si 133o
• Nets
• 1 connection dimer as above
• 2 connection chain or ring
• 3-connection 2 dimensional infinite structure
  or 3 dimensional infinite structure
• 4-connection 2 dimensional infinite structure
  or 3-dimensional infinite structure

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Representations

• To understand the structure of a three
  dimensional solid, more than one representation
  is needed
• It is not possible to display all structural
  elements using a single model

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Three Views

• 1. Classical Molecular view of P4O10

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Ball and stick
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2. Polyhedral View
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3. Sphere Packing View
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More Examples

• REPRESENTATIONS OF SOLID STATE STRUCTURES
• Ball and Stick
• P4O10 Picture
• NaCl Picture
• Zinc Blende Picture
• Polyhedral
• P4O10 Picture
• NaCl Picture
• Zinc Blende Picture
• Close Packed
• P4O10 Picture
• NaCl Picture
• Zinc Blende Picture

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Diamond (Zincblende)
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ZnS, polyhedral
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ZnS, close packed
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NaCl, ball and stick
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NaCl, polyhedral
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Ceramics

• Quartz
• Shown earlier
• Feldspar
• Kaolin

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Ceramics

• FELDSPAR
• Plagioclase feldspars
• NaAlSi3O8 albite
• CaAl2Si2O8 anorthite
• Paracelsian
• Ba(Al2Si2O8)

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Feldspars
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Kaolin and asbestos
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Kaolin, 2D view
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2-connected
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3-connected
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4-connected
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Nets

• 4-connected, two dimensional net
• HgI
• 4-connected, three dimensional net
• Diamond, zincblende shown earlier

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HgI
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Li2Si2O5
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Thorium disilicide