Fluid, Electrolyte,

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Fluid, Electrolyte, Acid-Base Balance
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Important Electrolytes

• Sodium Ions (Na)
• Low Hyponatremia
• High Hypernatremia
• Potassium Ions (K)
• Low Hypokalemia
• High Hyperkalemia

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Bicarbonate Buffer System

• Present in intra extracellular body fluids
• Consists of
• sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO3) for strong acids
• HCl NaHCO3 ? H2CO3 NaCl
• carbonic acid (H2CO3) for strong bases
• NaOH H2CO3 ? NaHCO3 H2O

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Phosphate Buffer System

• Present in intra extracellular body fluids
• Imp. In nephrons
• Consists of
• sodium monohydrogen phosphate (Na2HPO4)
• HCl Na2HPO4 ? NaH2PO4 NaCl
• sodium dihydrogen phosphate (NaH2PO4)
• NaOH NaH2PO4 ? Na2HPO4 H2O
• Turns one into the other

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Protein Buffer System

• Consists of plasma proteins (Ex. albumins),
  certain proteins within cells
• Proteins can function as acids or bases
• H released from carboxyl groups
• H accepted onto amino groups
• Ex. Hemoglobin
• Accept H released into blood minimizing pH change

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