Aggression

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Aggression

• Aggressionphysical or verbal behavior that is
  intended to hurt someone
• Different Types of Aggression
• Direct and indirect
• Emotional and instrumental
• Gender differences
• Physical and instrumental male
• Indirect female
• Aging less physical more verbal

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Goals

• Big questionis aggression goal directed?
• Instinctual versus learned dimension
• Instinctual
• Freud death instinct
• Ethologyevolutionary
• Aggressive instinct controlled by releasers
  inhibitors
• Displacement catharsis
• Evolutionary
• Sexual selection
• Goal directed
• Responsive to environment

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Goals

• Chapter
• Coping with annoyance
• Material and social rewards
• Social status
• Self-protection
• Theories
• Balance between biological and environmental
  influences

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Frustrationaggression

• ClassicDollard
• the occurrence of aggression always presupposes
  the existence of frustrationfrustration always
  leads to some form of aggression
• Frustration produces instigations to a number of
  different types of responses, one of which is
  some form of aggression
• Personal, intentional unjustified thwarting
• Berkowitz
• Reformulated frustrationaggression hypothesis
• Any negative experience primes person for
  aggressionanger
• More environmental control, less automatic
• Aggression elicited by stimuli

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Ccognitiveneoassociation theory

• Negative experiences
• Frustration
• Pain
• Heat
• Arousal
• Cuesstimulus bound
• Targets
• Objects
• Situations

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• Arousal and irritability
• Unpleasant arousal and excitationtransfer
  (Zillman)
• Facilitates aggression
• Type A more aggressive
• Situational
• Painautomatic
• Heat
• Poverty
• Relative deprivation and adaptation level

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• Cues
• Weapons as aggression eliciting stimuliBerkowitz
  and LePage
• Association of weapons with aggression
• Elicit aggressive responses when annoyed
• Design
• 2 X 3
• Annoyed by confederate versus non annoyed
• Weapon associated with confederate, weapon not
  associated with confederate, no stimulus
• Control of badminton racquet with annoyance
• Manipulationparticipant and confederate evaluate
  each other with shocks
• Dependent variable
• Number of shocks

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Weapons as aggression eliciting stimuliBerkowitz
and LePage

• Number
• Duration

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Material and Social Rewards

• Aggression learned
• Observational/social learning
• Transmission of aggression through imitation of
  aggressive models--Bandura, Ross, Ross
• Hypotheses
• Child will imitate model
• Same sex model more impact
• Males imitate aggression more

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• Independent variables
• Control, aggressive, nonaggressive models
• Male female models
• Procedure
• Exposure to model
• Frustration
• Play in room with Bobo doll
• Dependent variables
• Imitating physical aggression
• Imitating verbal aggression
• Partial imitation
• Nonimitative aggression

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Bandura Results
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• Observational learning
• Instigators
• Rewards
• Aversive
• Orders
• Person
• Self-regulation
• Guilt and desensitization
• Psychopathy
• Empathy
• Alcohol

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Media Effects

• Types of media violence and degree of acceptance
  in under-18sVidal, Clemente, and Espinosa
• Independent variables
• Clip typesaction without violence, justified
  violence, unjustified violence
• Sex of participants
• Previous exposure
• Dependent variables
• Cognitive and emotional
• Results
• High more approving
• Post measure more accepting
• Females more affected
• Justified violence more effect

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• Gerbnercultivation effects
• Desensitization

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Social Status

• Sexual selectiondominance
• Testosteroneincrease aggression or aggression
  increase testosterone
• Insult
• Culture of honor
• Opportunity

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Self-protection

• Self defensive attribution
• Effect/danger
• Preemption

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Aggression Reduction

• Reward alternatives
• Positive affect
• Punishmentswift and certain